APA 7

This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.

The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author, year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.

APA 7 examples

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Book

Book – electronic

Format

With DOI

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx.

With URL

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Quinnan. T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey. http://www.netlibrary.com

Notes

Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
Use the URL if no DOI available

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Book – print

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Example

Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Notes

Publisher location not required

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Book chapter

Format

Electronic

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Print

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Examples

Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

Notes

Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
Use the URL if no DOI available
Use (Ed.). for a single editor or (Eds.). for multiple editors

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Book with editor

Format

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.

Examples

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Book review

Format

Reviewer, A. A. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by A. A. Author]. Journal Title, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Example

Brooks, T. A. (2002). The social life of information [Review of the book The social life of information, by J. S. Brown, & P. Duguid]. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 28(5), 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(02)00334-8

Notes

Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).
If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book, separated by comma.
If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title of work, separated by a comma.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Encyclopedia

Format

Whole work

Author, A. A. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Encyclopedia title (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

No author

Title of entry. (Year). In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Wherry, F. F., & Schor, J. B. (Eds.). (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=4386003

Hanink, P. A. (2015). B movies. In F. F. Wherry & J. B. Schor (Eds.), The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=4386003

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Notes

Where the encyclopedia is continually updated include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Dictionary

Format

Whole work

Author, A. A. (n.d.). Dictionary title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Entry

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples

Darvill, T. (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

Darvill, T. (2009). Abacus. In T. Davill (Ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/

Notes

Where the dictionary is continually updated include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx
Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Article

Journal article – electronic

Format

With DOI

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx

With URL

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Examples

Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(8), 42-45. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx

Notes

Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
Use the URL if no DOI available

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Journal article – advance online publication and in press

Format

Advance

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxx

In press

Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal.

Examples

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (2009). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900623w

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (in press). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Notes

Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone to print. It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production. If there is no DOI and the article was retrieved electronically, give the URL of the journal home page.
In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accept for publication in a future issue of a journal.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Journal article – print

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages.

Example

Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions. Australian Journal of Psychology, 58(3),123-128.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Newspaper article

Format

Electronic

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://xxxx

Print

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper Title, Page.

No author

Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title, Page.

Examples

Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.

Sykes, J. (2018, January 4). The good the bad and the incomprehensible. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/

Notes

Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous pages list them all, separated by a comma (e.g. pp. 21, 26, 28-29).
If no author of article is available use the title.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

News webpage

Format

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News webpage title. Publisher. https://xxxx

Example

Scott, S. (2019, December 19). Australia is again set to swelter, so how does extreme heat affect your health? ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-19/heatwave-health-effects-medical-dangers-of-high-temperature/11811910

Notes

Use this format for news website such as ABC News, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Report, thesis, conference

Government publication

Format

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). http://www.abs.gov.au

Queensland Government. (2020). Land Act 1994: Temporary closing of roads notice (No. 1). Queensland Government Gazette: Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, 383(26), 103. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/6e572ca6-bbeb-4a8d-9041-b6f1748e188a/resource/3961f6f6-d956-4664-bb42-7615c914eea6/fs_download/07.02.20-combined.pdf

Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Report

Format

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). http://www.abs.gov.au

Euromonitor International. (2019). Tobacco in Greece. https://www.euromonitor.com/greece

Johnson, S. (2019). House construction - Australia market research report (IBIS World industry report OD5214). IBIS World. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/construction/building/house-construction.html

Notes

Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.
Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Conference paper

Format

Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution: Subtitle [Type of contribution]. Conference name, Location of conference. https://xxxx

Examples

Chasman, J., & Kaplan, R. F. (2006, June 15-17). The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia [Poster presentation]. Excellence in clinical practice, 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Philadelphia, USA.

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2013, July 1-3). Artistic research training in music: Perspectives on pedagogy, higher degrees and professional practice [Paper presentation]. EDULEARN13: 5th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona, Spain. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/59583/87114_1.pdf

Notes

Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Thesis or dissertation – from a database

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (Publication number in database) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database Name.

Example

Donnelly, J. A. (2016). The relationship between physical fitness and school performance in middle school girls (Publication No. 10003548) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global.

Notes

The thesis publication number is listed in the ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Thesis or dissertation – from a university or institutional repository

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Example

Allard, T. (2005). Closed circuit television in prison [Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University]. Griffith Research Online. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366645

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)
3-5	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	First citation (Colagiuri, Girgis, Eigenmann, Gomez, & Griffiths, 2009) Subsequent citation (Colagiuri et al., 2009)
6-7	Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M.,Van Kraayenoord, C. (2000). Title ...	(Louden et al., 2000)
8+	Khokhlova, T. D., Wang, Y. N., Simon, J. C., Cunitz, B. W., Starr, F., Paun, M., … Khokhlova, V. A. (2014). Title ...	(Khokhlova et al., 2014)

Video, audio, music, performance

Video stream – database

Format

Author, A. A. (Contribution). (Year). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Production company. https://xxxx

Example

Barger, E., Jr. (Producer). (2013). First steps: Trips for young children [Streaming video]. Chip Taylor Communications. https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/trips-for-young-children

Notes

Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo

Format

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Example

Griffith University (Producer). (2016, December 13). Griffith University Gold Coast campus tour [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jBf-tSeiYk

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222

Notes

The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work.
Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray

Format

Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, D. D. (Director), & Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Production company.

Example

Smith, S. (Producer). (2007). English language teaching [Film; educational DVD]. Sunburst Media.

Notes

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. on Blu-ray], [Film; educational DVD]
For additional information on when to credit directors, writers and producers see section 10.12 Audiovisual Works in the manual

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Audio stream or podcast

Format

Podcast

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format]. https://xxxx

Episode

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Format]. In Podcast series title. https://xxxx

Examples

Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Good game: How games play us. [Audio podcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Can a videogame get you high? (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In A. Allbury (Executive Producer), Good game: How games play us. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

Notes

List the host/presenter of the podcast as author and other people such as the executive producer
Specify the type of podcast, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]
Provide the episode number, but omit if not available
If the URL of the podcast is unknown, for example if accessed via an app, omit the URL

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Audio physical – LP, CD, Tape

Format

Album

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album recorded by xxxx]. Label.

Track

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Recorded by xxxx]. On Title of album [Album; Format]. Label. (Original work published Year).

Examples

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Page, S. (2010). Hanukkah blessings [Recorded by Barenaked Ladies]. On Barenaked for the holidays [Album; CD]. Raisin Records.

U2. (2000). All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD]. Island.

Notes

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP]
Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for example: SoundCloud or artist's website
For additional information see section 10.13 Audio Works in the manual

In-text

When citing a track from an album include the track number in the in-text citation, for example:

Lyrics from the song “From little things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in recent television advertisements.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Music scores

Format

ComposerLastName, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Examples

Bernstein, L. (1988). Facsimile: Choreographic essay for orchestra [Miniature score]. Boosey & Hawkes.

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Gershwin, G. (Composer), & Campbell-Watson, F. (Ed.). (1987). Concerto in F for piano and orchestra [Miniature score]. E. Eulenburg. (Original work published 1942)

Lerch, L. (Compiler). (2001). Stepsister’s lament from Grease in The teen’s musical theatre collection: Young women’s edition [Piano vocal score]. Hal Leonard.

Monteverdi, C. (Composer), Busenello, F. (Librettist), Leppard, R. (Arranger), & Kenny, C. (Arranger). (1977). L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppea): Opera in two acts and a prologue [Score]. (G. Dunn & K. R. Marz, Trans.). Faber.

Tchaikovsky, P. (ca. 1920). Serenade for string orchestra, Op. 48 [Score]. Breitkopf & Hartel. http://imslp.org/wiki/Serenade_for_String_Orchestra,_Op.48_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr). (Original work published 1880)

Notes

When you cite a republished work present the in-text citation with both the original published date and republished date: For example: Gershwin (1942/1978) uses various melodic components in his work.......

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Music scores - unpublished

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Format] [Unpublished manuscript].

Example

Tidrow, T. (2014). [Piece pour Coline] [Music score] [Unpublished manuscript].

Notes

If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working title inside square brackets.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Music encyclopedias and dictionaries

Format

Has author

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx

No author

Entry title. (Year). In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Kelly, B. L. (2001). Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice. In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52145

Kwakwa, P. A. (1997). Dance in communal life. In R. M. Stone (Ed.), Garland encyclopedia of world music volume 1: Africa (pp. 301-308). Routledge. Music Online: The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music database.

Notes

If there is no author available use the title.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Playscripts

Format

Electronic

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Print

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher.

Examples

Lawler, R. (2012). Summer of the seventeenth doll [Playscript] (Rev ed.). Currency Press. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com

Lawler, R. (1978). Summer of the seventeenth doll [Playscript]. Currency Press.

Shakespeare, W., & Synder, S. (Ed.). (2008.). All's well that ends well [Playscript]. Oxford University Press.

Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The tragedy of Macbeth [Playscript]. Project Gutenberg. https://search.ebscohost.com

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Image, data, statistics, review

Image

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx

Examples

Center for Disease Control. (2016). Malaria lifecycle [Image]. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif

McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

Weston Arnold, K. (2018). [Bike short fashion] [Photograph]. Vogue. https://assets.vogue.com/photos/59caa0b318ac15238b3290f0/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/KIM_1101.jpg

Notes

Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or copyright attribution may be necessary.
When citing idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo use an in-text citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
For including an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo in your writing see the "Other " tab, "Figures" section for details.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Statistics

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No.). Publisher. https://xxxx

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, 2016 (Catalogue No. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
Year is the publication year or the most recent revision
If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example: (Catalogue No. 1304.2)

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Dataset

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version Number) [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Queensland Health. (2017). Consumer perceptions of care survey outcomes [Dataset]. https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/your-experience-of-service-queensland-health-mental-health-services/resource

Passport. (2017). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery (2014-2019) [Data file]. Euromonitor. http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/statisticsevolution/index

Notes

Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside square brackets.
Use URL of the database rather than database name.
Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Cochrane database systematic review

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of systematic review. Name of Database. http://doi.org/xxxx

Examples

Kairn, T., & Crowe, S. B. (2017). Clinical application of data mining: Evaluation and comparison of radiotherapy treatment plans for breast cancer. Cochrane Library. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-016-0494-2

Notes

Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
Use the URL if no DOI available

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Website, social media, software

Web page

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Site name. Retrieved Month Day, Year from https://xxxx

Examples

Center for Bioethics. (2009). Ethics and pharmaceutical marketing. Retrieved January 23, 2020 from http://www.ahc.umn.edu/bioethics/research/pharm/home.html

SI News. (2019). Shaping the future of architecture. Study International. https://www.studyinternational.com/news/shaping-the-future-of-architecture/

Notes

If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company as the author.
If author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element.
If no date is available, use n.d.
If the webpage content is designed to change over time add a retrieval date.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Web document

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Australian Council for Educational Research. (2010). Doing more for learning: Enhancing engagement and outcomes. https://www.acer.org/files/AUSSE_Australasian-Student-Engagement-Report-ASER-2009.pdf

Translink. (2019). Gold Coast line [Timetable]. Queensland Government. https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/gold-coast-line

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Blog post

Format

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site name. https://xxxx

Example

Abram, S. (2019, December 14). This library is showing the way for reading spaces in the digital age. Stephen's Lighthouse. https://stephenslighthouse.com/2019/12/14/this-library-is-showing-the-way-for-reading-spaces-in-the-digital-age/

Notes

Do not italicise title of posts

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Social media

Format

Facebook

Post

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Profile

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples

Facebook

Post

Griffith University Library. (2019, August 6). New to Griffith [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Profile

Griffith University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Format

Twitter / Instagram

Post

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Profile

Author, A. A.[@username]. (n.d.). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Examples

Twitter

Post

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Profile

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://twitter.com/GriffithLibrary

Instagram

Post

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (2019, April 16). Express your selfie [Instagram photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Profile

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (n.d.). Photographs [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Computer software

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version Number) [Format or Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742

Rovio Entertainment Corporation. (2019). Angry Birds Transformers (Version 1.49.4) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rovio.angrybirdstransformers&hl=en_US

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Legal, standard, unpublished

Legislation

Rule

The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.

Format

Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number-if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Examples

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (Cth) pt V div 2 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00827

Land Title Act 1994 (Qld) s 19 (Austl.). http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lta1994109/s18a.html

Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2017-008

Notes

When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used.
Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.
If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section numbers in the reference list.
Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2

Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss

schedule(s) - sch, schs

part(s) - pt, pts

division(s) - div, divs

subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs

paragraph(s) - para, paras

In-text

Example

According to part 4 of the Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld)...

... as outlined in the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017.

Bill

Rule

The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.

Format

Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number - if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Examples

Marriage Act Amendment (Recognition of Foreign Marriages for Same-Sex Couples) Bill 2013 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013B00115

University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) ch 2 pt 3 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/bill.first/bill-2016-002#ch.2-pt.3

Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). LawOne.

Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) (Austl.).

Notes

Titles of bills are not italicized.
Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2

Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss

schedule(s) - sch, schs

part(s) - pt, pts

division(s) - div, divs

subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs

paragraph(s) - para, paras

In-text

Example

The Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) aims to address...

The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) extends this to...

Case

Rule

The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.

Format

First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) Volume Law Report Title Abbreviation First page number, Pinpoint page number (if required) (Country abbreviation if not evident from context).

Examples

Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 187 ALR 574 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367 (Austl.).

DPP (Vic) v Stanojlovic and Another (2017) 53 VR 90 (Austl.). Lexis Advance Pacific Research.

Notes

Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited.
Where there are multiple proceedings between same parties include the decision number in square brackets.
All case names are in italics
The abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a full stop.
Where the Attorney-General and Department of Public Prosecutions are listed parties cite as "A-G" and "DPP" followed by the relevant jurisdiction short abbreviations in parentheses, for example: DPP (Vic)
The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen" or "The King".
A pinpoint page number should be separated from the First page number by a comma for example: Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).

Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

chapter(s) - ch, chs

section(s) - s, ss

schedule(s) - sch, schs

part(s) - pt, pts

division(s) - div, divs

subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs

paragraph(s) - para, paras

In-text

Example

According to the precedent set in Mabo v Queensland (1989), it is possible to claim...

...case such as Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017).

Standard

Format

Standards Organization. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Bridge design: Scope and general principles (AS 5100.1:2018). https://www.saiglobal.com/

Standards Australia. (2013). Gas installations. Part 1, general installations (AS/NZS 5601.1:2013). https://www.saiglobal.com/

Notes

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Patent

Format

Inventor, A. A. (Year the patent issued). Title of patent: Subtitle (Patent number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Hall, R. (2018). Mobile fuel delivery system (Australian Patent No. AU 2019904531). IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?ApplicationNo=2018100960

Botura, G. C., & Slane, C. (2017). Water storage system (European Patent No. E03B11/00). European Patent Office. https://www.epo.org/

Notes

Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
Year is the year the patent was issued not filed.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Lecture notes

Format

Lecturer, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Tiralongo, J. (2019). 3992NSC_Y1 & Y2 Science capstone: Science capstone structure [Lecture recording]. Learning@Griffith. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/3992NSC_Y1andY2lecturerecordings

Tiralongo, J. (2019). [Lecture recording on capstone structure]. Griffith Sciences, Griffith University. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Personal correspondence

Archive material

Format

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location.

Example

Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.

Notes

Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or corporate documents and other documents.
This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials.
Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the interviewer's name in the description.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)
3-5	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	First citation (Colagiuri, Girgis, Eigenmann, Gomez, & Griffiths, 2009) Subsequent citation (Colagiuri et al., 2009)
6-7	Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M.,Van Kraayenoord, C. (2000). Title ...	(Louden et al., 2000)
8+	Khokhlova, T. D., Wang, Y. N., Simon, J. C., Cunitz, B. W., Starr, F., Paun, M., … Khokhlova, V. A. (2014). Title ...	(Khokhlova et al., 2014)

Unpublished material

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript. [Unpublished manuscript, or Manuscript submitted for publication, or Manuscript in preparation]. University Name. https://xxxx

Example

Parker, T. (2002). Style notes for typescripts in the social sciences. [Unpublished manuscript]. Australian National University.

Notes

Unpublished work includes work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication, or has been completed but not submitted for publication.
This includes work that has not been formally published but it is available on institutional website.
If the work is available in an electronic archive, give this information at the end.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Style rules

Figure

Format

Figure #

Title of Diagram/Map/Chart/Plot/Photo/Image

figure placeholder image

Note. Brief description of the contents of the figure. Adapted from "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B. B. Author, Source Title, Page, Year (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.

Example

Figure 1

Map of Australia

Map of Australia highlighting Queensland

Note. This map highlights where the state of Queensland is within Australia. From Maps of Australia, 2008, (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Australia). In the public domain.

Notes

Figure # (bold) appears before the title. The figure number starts at 1 and increments for each figure used.
Figure Title is italicized and uses headline case, for example: Mean Regression Slopes in Experiment 1
Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the figure to describe content such as copyright attribution, abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included in the legend or defined anywhere else.
Figures can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
If figure is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
Copyright attribution is required for a figure (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
Use headline case for copyright attribution of the source title, for example: From: "Retrieval Monitoring and Ansognosia in Alzheimer's Disease," by D. A. Gallo, & J. M. Chen, 2007, Neuropsychology, 21, p. 560.
Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the figure.
Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.22, p. 225) on preparing figures for more detailed instructions.

In-text

Refer to a figure in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

As shown in Figure 2......

... the survey results (see Figure 4)....

Table

Format

Table #

Title of Table

table placeholder image

Note. Brief description of the contents of the table. From "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B. B. Author, Year, Source Title, Page (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.

Example

Notes

Table # (bold) appears before the title. The table number starts at 1 and increments for each table used.
Table Title is italicized and uses headline case for example: Details of Experimental Procedure
Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the table to describe content such as abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included or defined anywhere else.
Tables can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
If table is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
Copyright attribution is required for a table (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the table.
Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.8, p. 199) on preparing tables for more detailed instructions.
This fictional example was adapted from Reingold, E. (2008). APA: Tables and figures. Retrieved from http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/resources/handouts_apa/TablesFigures1.pdf

In-text

Refer to a table in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

As shown in Table 2......

... the survey results (see Table 4)....

Editors

Format

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx

Examples

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Notes

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

Translators

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition, T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. https://xxxx

Example

Ferguson, J. (2009). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies (J. Everson, Trans.). Churchill Livingstone.

In-text

Format

(Author, Year)

Author stated (Year) ...

Paraphrase

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Quote

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Colagiuri et al., 2009)	Colagiuri et al. (2009)

No author

No date

Sources citing other sources

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year

Multiple references in one citation

Abbreviations for references

Abbreviation	Element	Abbreviation	Element
ed.	Edition	p. (pp.)	Page: p. 15; pp. 15-20
Rev. ed.	Revised edition	para. (paras.)	Paragraph(s)
2nd ed.	Second edition	Vol. (Vols.)	Volume (as in Vol. 4; Vols. 1-4)
3rd Aust. ed.	Third Australian edition	No.	Number
Ed. (Eds.)	Editor (Editors)	Pt.	Part
Trans.	Translator(s)	Tech. Rep.	Technical report
Narr. (Narrs.)	Narrator(s)	Suppl.	Supplement

Can't find it?

Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.

Publication manual of the APA

Official APA style blog

In-text citations

Acknowledge authors using the following formats:

Paraphrase:: Author (Year) expresses the idea....; ....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year); ....paraphrased idea sentence (Author & Author, Year).

Examples:

Fetherston (2007) expresses the idea...

Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston, 2007).

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).

Quote: Author (Year) "text of direct quote" (Page).; "text of direct quote" (Author & Author, Year, Page).

Examples:

Fetherston (2007) claims that teachers "suggest ways of looking at the new material" (p. 61).

Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2010, p. 171).

Notes:

When acknowledging multiple authors in the text of a sentence precede the final name with the word "and"
When acknowledging multiple authors in the parentheses and reference list precede the final name with an ampersand "&"

View transcript

Text transcript for video: Creating in-text citations using the APA7 referencing style

APA7 is an 'author/date' style.

The author of your resource and the publication date are two pieces of information that must be included in the text or writing of your work. This is called an in-text citation.

Imagine this is a sentence that you have written in your assignment. You’ve taken an idea from a book by Bedford and Wilson put it into your own words; this is called 'paraphrasing'. Your in-text citation might look like this.

Note only the author family name or surname is used without any initials. The 'and' symbol is used between the author names. The author names are followed by a comma, and the year the book was published. The whole in-text citation is placed before the full stop at the end of the sentence. If you use two or more different resources in the same sentence, separate by a semi colon.

Sometimes you may wish for the author names to be included as part of your sentence. If you do this, you only need to place the year in the bracket, like this. You also notice that if the author names are used as part of the sentence, the 'and' symbol is not used. Instead the word 'and' is spelled in full.

At other times as you write, you may wish to produce the exact words from a source. This is called 'quoting'. When you quote the exact words of someone else, you must place them in quotation marks. In APA style, double quotation marks are used, like these.

Again, note that the author names and the year are inside a bracket at the end of the sentence, and when you use a direct quote, you must include a page number to indicate where the quote is located within the resource.

Again, the entire in-text citation is placed in a bracket before the full stop at the end of the sentence. You could also use the author names as part of the sentence if you wish. Note the year is placed directly after the author names and the page number is placed at the end of the quote.

If your resource has three or more authors cite the surname of the first author only, followed by et al and the publication year for the first and subsequent citations - paraphrasing or quoting.

The intext citation is a shortcut to the full information available in the reference list.

More detailed examples and explanations can be found in the Referencing Guides on the Griffith Library webpage.

View transcript

Text transcript for video: Creating a reference list using the APA7 referencing style

To create the reference list at the end of your assignment, you'll record the four elements of your sources (who, when, what and where). APA7 style has rules on how these four elements should be presented and formatted. Let's look at some resources.

This is a photocopy of the title page and verso page of a print book. We need to extract the four elements to create a reference. The 'Who' element is the author. The 'When' element is the year of publication. The 'What' element is the title, and the 'Where' element is the publisher details.

Now we have our four elements we can create our reference.

APA7 style rules state that you begin with the author's family name followed by a comma, followed by any first name initials, followed by full stops.

Next element is the year of publication in a bracket followed by a full stop.

Next is the title of the book, recorded in italics, and in 'sentence case'. 'Sentence case' means a capital letter only for the first word in the title.

In this instance we have an edition of the book to record, so this goes at the end of the title in normal font in a bracket, the word 'edition' is abbreviated to 'ed' followed by a full stop. A further full stop is placed after the bracket.

Next, we record the name of the publisher.

If this resource was a print copy only or a copy available through an online database, the reference entry would end after the publisher name with a fullstop. However, this print book has a DOI listed on the verso page.

DOI stands for “digital object identifier” and is a unique code assigned to a resource. APA7 rules state that if a resource is allocated a DOI it must be included in the reference list entry. The doi is entered after the publisher name. No fullstop is entered after the doi as this would alter the doi code.

Note the formatting for a doi - it is recorded as a url or web address.

Note that there is double line spacing and a hanging indent.

Let's look at a journal article from a library database.

The 'Who' element, the authors, When, the year of publication, the 'What' are the titles of the article and the journal. The 'Where' information is the volume and issue number, the page numbers, and also the DOI.

We have the four elements so we can create our reference. Author family names first, followed by first name initials, followed by full stop. The year in brackets followed by full stop. Next is the article title in sentence case. Again 'Sentence case' means capital letter only for the first word, any word that appears after a colon in the title or is a proper noun. Next is the journal title in italics. This is followed by a comma, then the volume and issue number are recorded.

The volume number is also recorded in italics, but the issue number is not. This element is followed by a comma, then the page numbers are recorded, followed by a full stop. Finally the DOI. We do not place full stop at the end of the reference, as this would alter the doi code.

Finally let's look at a document from the Web. Examine the webpage to find the four elements - the author, the date of publication, the title, and where it is located. In this instance we provide the URL address. Note that for a webpage we provide the most specific date possible. In this example the year, month and day are provided so this information is included in our reference list entry. Now we can create our reference.

Author name, date in brackets entered in the order of year, month and day. Title in italics and the URL. And again, we don't add a full stop as this would alter the URL.

Your reference list at the end of your assignment may look something like this.

The word 'References' is centred at the top of the page, and your list is in alphabetical order based on the surname of your authors. Do not change the way the authors are listed on the resource. The reference list is double-spaced and has a hanging indent.

Also note for a work with up to 20 authors, include all the names (surname and initials) in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.

This video is an introduction to creating a reference list in the APA7 referencing style. More detailed examples and explanations can be found in the Referencing Guides on the Griffith library webpage.

Reference list

Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References".

In your reference list:

sort references alphabetically (A-Z) by surname of the first author of the work, if no author sort under the first significant word of the title
use a hanging indent the second line and subsequent lines of a reference are indented tabbed space or 1.27cm
double space references throughout the list
write titles using sentence case - capitalise the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper names.
italicise titles of books, journals, films, videos, and web sites but not book chapters and journal article titles.
write journal titles and corporate authors' names out in full, no abbreviations

Sample referencing list

References

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, 2016 (Catalogue No. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

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