This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.
The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author, year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.
APA 7 examples
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Author, editor, translator
In-text
- The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
Format
Paraphrase
Author (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.
....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year).
Quote
Author (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)
"Direct quote from source" (Author, Year, p. xx)
Examples
Paraphrase
Rational-emotive therapy developed as a cognitive, positivist therapy (Ellis, 2004).
Quote
Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (p. 69).
Reference list
- The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Albert Ellis becomes: Ellis, A.
Format
Book - print
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.
Book - chapter
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx
Journal article
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Examples
Book - print
Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Book - chapter
Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565
Journal article
Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235
In-text
- The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
- Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.
Format
Paraphrase
FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.
....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year).
Quote
FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)
"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year, p. xx)
Examples
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).
Quote
Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000, p. 171).
Reference list
- The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.
Format
Book - print
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.
Book - chapter
ChapterAuthor, A. A., & ChapterAuthor, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx
Journal article
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Examples
Book - print
Bohm, A., & Chaudhri, D. P. (2000). Securing Australia's future: An analysis of the international education markets in India. IDP Education Australia.
Book - chapter
Haaga, D. A. F., & Davison, G. C. (2004). An appraisal of rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565
Journal article
Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2018). Beyond a doctorate of musical arts: Experiences of its impacts on professional life. British Journal of Music Education, 35(3), 271-284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051718000128
In-text
- The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
- Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.
- For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Paraphrase
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.
....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).
Quote
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)
"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)
Examples
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Mahoney et al., 2004).
Quote
According to Mahoney et al. (2004) psychology in the 20th century was "a period of sweeping conceptual changes and methodological developments" (p. 103).
Reference list
- The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.
- Provide last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors.
- When there are 2 to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. For example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
Format
Book - electronic
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Book - chapter
ChapterAuthor, A. A., ChapterAuthor, B. B., & ChapterAuthor, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx
Journal article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Examples
Book - electronic
Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage. https://dx-doi-org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.4135/9781526402219
Book - chapter
Mahoney, M. J., Miller, H. M., & Arciero, G. (2004). Constructive metatheory and the nature of mental representation. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 103-120). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565
Journal article
Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243
In-text
- The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
- Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.
- For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Paraphrase
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.
....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).
Quote
FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)
"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)
Examples
Paraphrase
Students when preparing for exams enjoy listening to indie pop bands (Wiskunde et al., 2019).
Quote
Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "indie pop music is preferred by many university students" (p. 1935).
Reference list
- The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.
- When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis ... (but no ampersand) and then add the final author's name.
Format
Journal article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Examples
Journal article
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
In-text
- The term "Author" refers to the name of the corporation, organisation, group or government agency or department.
- Spell out full Corporate name for first citation. Subsequent citations can use abbreviated name. For example: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).
Format
Paraphrase
CorporateAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.
....paraphrased idea sentence (CorporateAuthor., Year).
Quote
CorporateAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).
"Direct quote from source" (CorporateAuthor Year, p. xx)
Examples
Paraphrase
Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).
Subsequent citation
Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (ABS, 2019).
Quote
The ABS (2019) state "data on the use of care back to 1996 shows little change in the use of care" (para. 3).
Reference list
- Spell out the full name of a corporate author in the reference list entry, followed by a full stop. For example Griffith University.
- Do not include the any corporate author abbreviation in the reference list.
Format
Book - print
CorporateAuthor. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.
Government publication
GovernmentAuthor. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx
Industry report
CorporateAuthor. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Book - print
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2009). Financial reporting handbook 2009: Incorporating all the standards as at 1 January 2009. Wiley.
Government publication
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). http://www.abs.gov.au
Industry report
Euromonitor International. (2019). Tobacco in Greece. https://www.euromonitor.com/greece
Format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.
Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.
Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.
Griffith, J. P., Posner, J., & Barker, G. R. (Eds). (2013). The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine (7th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. http://libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=1158633
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (Eds.). (2005). Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.; Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)
Example
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Churchill Livingstone. (Original work published 2002)
Rosenkranz, K. (2015). Aesthetics of ugliness: A critical edition (A. Pop & Widrich, M, Eds.; Trans.). Bloomsbury Academic. https://search.ebscohost.com/ (Original work published 1853)
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)
Republished work
Shakespeare, W. (2005). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.). Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)
Notes
- When citing a translated or a republished work in-text use the following format.
Format
Author (Original publication year / translation year)
(Author, Original publication year / translation year)
Examples
(Ylinen, 2002/2008)
Rosenkranz (1853/2015)
(Shakespeare, 1623/1995)
Rule
- A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably be determined.
- In this situation move the title of the work to the author position
Format
In-text
Book with no author
(Title, Year)
Article with no author
("Title", Year)
Example
In-text
Book with no author
(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004)
In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....
Article with no author
("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)
In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...
Notes
- If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation.
- If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation.
- Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills
- When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Anonymous, 2017)
Format
Reference list
Title. (Year). Publisher.
Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.
Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/productname/lipitor/ID=3258745
| Abbreviation | Element | Abbreviation | Element |
|---|---|---|---|
| ed. | Edition | p. (pp.) | Page: p. 15; pp. 15-20 |
| Rev. ed. | Revised edition | para. (paras.) | Paragraph(s) |
| 2nd ed. | Second edition | Vol. (Vols.) | Volume (as in Vol. 4; Vols. 1-4) |
| 3rd Aust. ed. | Third Australian edition | No. | Number |
| Ed. (Eds.) | Editor (Editors) | Pt. | Part |
| Trans. | Translator(s) | Tech. Rep. | Technical report |
| Narr. (Narrs.) | Narrator(s) | Suppl. | Supplement |
Note: Abbreviations in references. Adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associations (7th ed.), 2020, p. 306. Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.
Quote, cite, missing details
In-text
- Use the following formats to create direct quotes from sources.
Example
Short quote less than 40 words
Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (p.69).
Rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (Ellis, 2004, p.69).
Notes
- Enclose quoted text with quotation marks " ".
Example
Block quote 40 words or more
Ellis (2004) states:
As the first of today's cognitive-behavioural therapies, RET in 1955 was highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive. Its ABC theory of human disturbance held that people experience undesirable activating events, that they have rational and irrational beliefs about these stimuli, and that they create appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs. (p. 69)
Notes
- Indent all lines of the block quote
- Do not enclose block quote with quotation marks
- Add page number after final full stop
See section 8.27 of the APA 7 manual for further information
Citing parts of a source - page number, paragraph, time stamp, section
Rule
- To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part.
- Indicate the specific part when directly quoting from a source.
- There are many possible parts to cite including: pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, footnotes, chapters; forewords, time stamps of video and audio book; slide numbers in powerpoints.
Format
In-text
Page numbers
Author (Year, p. xx)
(Title, Year, p. xx)
Paragraphs
Author (Year, para. xx)
("Title", Year, para. xx)
Note
- To obtain paragraph number count from the top of the source.
Time stamp
Author (Year, hh:mm:ss)
("Title", Year, hh:mm:ss)
Note
- hh:mm:ss refers to hours:minutes:seconds.
- Use time stamp to indicate specific time point in a video or audio source
Section
Author (Year, "Heading title" section)
("Title", Year, "Heading title" section)
Note
- When citing webpages use the heading title of the section to show where in the source the direct quote was taken from.
Example
In-text
Page numbers
Gillard (2020, p. 37)
(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004, p. 15)
Paragraphs
Hogan (2015, para. 7)
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012, para. 19)
Time stamp
Griffith University (2020, 01:45:10)
("Top 10 music videos of 2017", 2020, 23:13)
Section
Griffith University (2020, "In-text citations" section)
(Downing, 2020, "For fitness junkies" section)
Format
...(Primary author, year, as cited in Secondary author, year)…
Example
In-text
The study (Sleajndro & Reid, 2002, as cited in Cowie, 2019) found that the….
Reference list
Cowie, S. (2019). Libraries are the best places. Griffith University Library.
Note
- In the reference list only refer to the source where you found the information, not the original source.
- If the year of the publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text.
- If year of the primary source publication is unknown omit from the in-text citation, for example: (as cited in Cowie, 2019).
Multiple works by the same author published in the same year
Rule
- To differentiate references with the same author and year, place a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.
Example
In-text
Ramsden (1998a, 1998b) lists several reasons for what makes a university effective.
Reference list
Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education. Routledge.
Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Griffith University.
Notes
- In the reference list order multiple works by the same author published in the same year alphabetically by title, disregarding the words “A”, “An”, and “The”.
Multiple references in one citation
Rule
- List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.
Example
In-text
Many agree that Australia has some of the best beaches in the world (Brown, 2006; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).
Australian beaches are the best in the world (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).
Notes
- For two or more works by the same authors when citing in-text arrange them by year of publication. For example (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018).
Rule
- A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably be determined.
- In this situation move the title of the work to the author position
Format
In-text
Book with no author
(Title, Year)
Article with no author
("Title", Year)
Example
In-text
Book with no author
(Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004)
In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....
Article with no author
("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)
In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...
Notes
- If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation.
- If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation.
- Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills
- When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Anonymous, 2017)
Format
Reference list
Title. (Year). Publisher.
Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.
Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/productname/lipitor/ID=3258745
Rule
- For works without a date or year of publication use the abbreviation n.d.
Example
In-text
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)
Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.)
Reference list
Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/
Rule
- For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead.
Examples
Reference list
Shakespeare, W. (2010). [Playscript for a 3 act play with 4 characters]. [Unpublished manuscript].
Book, chapter, encyclopedia
Format
With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx.
With URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Gunderman, R. B. (2011). Achieving excellence in medical education (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi-org/10.1007/978-0-85729-307-7
Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426
Quinnan. T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey. http://www.netlibrary.com
Notes
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI first. Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Use the URL if no DOI available
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue. Format as a print book.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.
Example
Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Notes
- Publisher location not required
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Electronic
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
Examples
Kaur, V., Kare, P. K., & Madaan, H. (2018). Quality control in a clinical laboratory. In P. K. Kare & R. Shrestha (Eds.), Advances in biochemistry & applications in medicine Vol. 4 (pp. 1-9). Open Access eBooks. https://www.openaccessebooks.com/biochemistry-applications-in-medicine-volume-4.html
Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.
Notes
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI first. Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Use the URL if no DOI available
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue.
- Use (Ed.). for a single editor or (Eds.). for multiple editors
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Examples
Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.
Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. American Psychological Association.
Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426
Notes
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI first. Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Use the URL if no DOI available
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Reviewer, A. A. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by A. A. Author]. Journal Title, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx
Example
Brooks, T. A. (2002). The social life of information [Review of the book The social life of information, by J. S. Brown, & P. Duguid]. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 28(5), 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(02)00334-8
Notes
- Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).
- If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book, separated by comma.
- If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title of work, separated by a comma.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Whole work
Author, A. A. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Encyclopedia title (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Entry
Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
No author
Title of entry. (Year). In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Wherry, F. F., & Schor, J. B. (Eds.). (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Hanink, P. A. (2015). B movies. In F. F. Wherry & J. B. Schor (Eds.), The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200
Notes
- When an online reference work is continually updated (and not archived), use (n.d.) as the year of publication and include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a library provided service i.e. if the URL contains the words ‘libraryproxy’ or similar. For example: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/xxxxxxxx
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Use the URL if no DOI available
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Whole work
Author, A. A. (n.d.). Dictionary title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Entry
Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Darvill, T. (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001
Darvill, T. (2009). Abacus. In T. Davill (Ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/
Notes
- When an online reference work is continually updated (and not archived), use (n.d.) as the year of publication and include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Journal, newspaper article
Format
With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
With URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages. https://xxxx
Examples
Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235
Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020
Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(8), 42-45. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx
Notes
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Only use the URL if no DOI is available.
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue. Format as a print journal.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Journal article – advance online publication and in press
Format
Advance
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxx
In press
Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal.
Examples
Fox, G., & Manley, M. (2009). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900623w
Fox, G., & Manley, M. (in press). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Notes
- Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone to print. It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production. If there is no DOI and the article was retrieved electronically, give the URL of the journal home page.
- In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accepted for publication in a future issue of a journal.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), Pages.
Example
Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions. Australian Journal of Psychology, 58(3),123-128.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Electronic
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://xxxx
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, Page.
No author
Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title, Page.
Examples
Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.
Sykes, J. (2018, January 4). The good the bad and the incomprehensible. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/
Notes
- Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous pages list them all, separated by a comma (e.g. pp. 21, 26, 28-29).
- If no author of article is available use the title.
- Omit the URL element if the URL is from a library provided service i.e. if the URL contains the words ‘libraryproxy’ or similar. For example: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/xxxxxxxx
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News webpage title. Publisher. https://xxxx
Example
Scott, S. (2019, December 19). Australia is again set to swelter, so how does extreme heat affect your health? ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-19/heatwave-health-effects-medical-dangers-of-high-temperature/11811910
Notes
- Use this format for news website such as ABC News, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Report, government, thesis
Format
Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx
Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). http://www.abs.gov.au
Queensland Government. (2020). Land Act 1994: Temporary closing of roads notice (No. 1). Queensland Government Gazette: Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, 383(26), 103. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/6e572ca6-bbeb-4a8d-9041-b6f1748e188a/resource/3961f6f6-d956-4664-bb42-7615c914eea6/fs_download/07.02.20-combined.pdf
Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf
Notes
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR [Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). http://www.abs.gov.au
Euromonitor. (2020, September 8). Tobacco in Greece [Country report]. Passport. https://go.euromonitor.com/passport.html
Johnson, S. (2019). House construction - Australia market research report (IBIS World industry report OD5214). IBIS World. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/construction/building/house-construction.html
Notes
- Adjust date format to (YYYY, Month Day) if report content is likely to be updated.
- Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution: Subtitle [Type of contribution]. Conference name, Location of conference. https://xxxx
Examples
Chasman, J., & Kaplan, R. F. (2006, June 15-17). The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia [Poster presentation]. Excellence in clinical practice, 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Philadelphia, USA.
Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2013, July 1-3). Artistic research training in music: Perspectives on pedagogy, higher degrees and professional practice [Paper presentation]. EDULEARN13: 5th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona, Spain. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/59583/87114_1.pdf
Notes
- Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Thesis or dissertation – from a database
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (Publication number in database) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database Name.
Example
Donnelly, J. A. (2016). The relationship between physical fitness and school performance in middle school girls (Publication No. 10003548) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global.
Notes
- The thesis publication number is listed in the ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Thesis or dissertation – from a university or institutional repository
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Example
Allard, T. (2005). Closed circuit television in prison [Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University]. Griffith Research Online. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366645
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author stated (Year) ...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) |
| 3-5 | Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... |
|
| 6-7 | Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M., & Van Kraayenoord, C. (2000). Title ... | (Louden et al., 2000) |
| 8+ | Khokhlova, T. D., Wang, Y. N., Simon, J. C., Cunitz, B. W., Starr, F., Paun, M., … Khokhlova, V. A. (2014). Title ... | (Khokhlova et al., 2014) |
Video, audio, music, scripts
Format
Author, A. A. (Contribution). (Year). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Production company. https://xxxx
Example
Barger, E., Jr. (Producer). (2013). First steps: Trips for young children [Streaming video]. Chip Taylor Communications. https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/trips-for-young-children
Notes
- Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)
Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...
Example
Paraphrase
In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).
Notes
- When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
- Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx
Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx
Example
Griffith University (Producer). (2016, December 13). Griffith University Gold Coast campus tour [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jBf-tSeiYk
Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222
Notes
- The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work.
- Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)
Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...
Example
Paraphrase
In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).
Notes
- When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
- Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray
Format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, D. D. (Director), & Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Production company.
Example
Smith, S. (Producer). (2007). English language teaching [Film; educational DVD]. Sunburst Media.
Notes
- The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. on Blu-ray], [Film; educational DVD]
- For additional information on when to credit directors, writers and producers see section 10.12 Audiovisual Works in the manual
In-text
Format
(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)
Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...
Example
Paraphrase
In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).
Notes
- When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
- Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Podcast
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format]. https://xxxx
Episode
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Format]. In Podcast series title. https://xxxx
Examples
Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Good game: How games play us. [Audio podcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/
Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Can a videogame get you high? (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In A. Allbury (Executive Producer), Good game: How games play us. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/
Notes
- List the host/presenter of the podcast as author and other people such as the executive producer
- Specify the type of podcast, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]
- Provide the episode number, but omit if not available
- If the URL of the podcast is unknown, for example if accessed via an app, omit the URL
In-text
Format
(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)
Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...
Example
Paraphrase
In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).
Notes
- When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
- Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Album
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album recorded by xxxx]. Label.
Track
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Recorded by xxxx]. On Title of album [Album; Format]. Label. (Original work published Year).
Examples
Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)
Page, S. (2010). Hanukkah blessings [Recorded by Barenaked Ladies]. On Barenaked for the holidays [Album; CD]. Raisin Records.
U2. (2000). All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD]. Island.
Notes
- The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP]
- Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for example: SoundCloud or artist's website
- For additional information see section 10.13 Audio Works in the manual
In-text
When citing a track from an album include the track number in the in-text citation, for example:
Lyrics from the song “From little things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in recent television advertisements.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)
Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...
Example
Paraphrase
In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).
Notes
- When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
- Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
ComposerLastName, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)
Examples
Bernstein, L. (1988). Facsimile: Choreographic essay for orchestra [Miniature score]. Boosey & Hawkes.
Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.
Gershwin, G. (Composer), & Campbell-Watson, F. (Ed.). (1987). Concerto in F for piano and orchestra [Miniature score]. E. Eulenburg. (Original work published 1942)
Lerch, L. (Compiler). (2001). Stepsister’s lament from Grease in The teen’s musical theatre collection: Young women’s edition [Piano vocal score]. Hal Leonard.
Monteverdi, C. (Composer), Busenello, F. (Librettist), Leppard, R. (Arranger), & Kenny, C. (Arranger). (1977). L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppea): Opera in two acts and a prologue [Score]. (G. Dunn & K. R. Marz, Trans.). Faber.
Tchaikovsky, P. (ca. 1920). Serenade for string orchestra, Op. 48 [Score]. Breitkopf & Hartel. http://imslp.org/wiki/Serenade_for_String_Orchestra,_Op.48_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr). (Original work published 1880)
Notes
- When you cite a republished work present the in-text citation with both the original published date and republished date: For example: Gershwin (1942/1978) uses various melodic components in his work.......
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Format] [Unpublished manuscript].
Example
Tidrow, T. (2014). [Piece pour Coline] [Music score] [Unpublished manuscript].
Notes
- If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working title inside square brackets.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Music encyclopedias and dictionaries
Format
Has author
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx
No author
Entry title. (Year). In Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200
Kelly, B. L. (2001). Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice. In Grove music online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52145
Kwakwa, P. A. (1997). Dance in communal life. In R. M. Stone (Ed.), Garland encyclopedia of world music volume 1: Africa (pp. 301-308). Routledge. Music Online: The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music database.
Notes
- If there is no author available use the title.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Electronic
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher.
Examples
Lawler, R. (2012). Summer of the seventeenth doll [Playscript] (Rev ed.). Currency Press. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com
Lawler, R. (1978). Summer of the seventeenth doll [Playscript]. Currency Press.
Shakespeare, W., & Synder, S. (Ed.). (2008.). All's well that ends well [Playscript]. Oxford University Press.
Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The tragedy of Macbeth [Playscript]. Project Gutenberg. https://search.ebscohost.com
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Data, statistics, standard
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version Number) [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Queensland Health. (2017). Consumer perceptions of care survey outcomes [Dataset]. https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/your-experience-of-service-queensland-health-mental-health-services/resource
Passport. (2017). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery (2014-2019) [Data file]. Euromonitor. http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/statisticsevolution/index
Notes
- Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside square brackets.
- Use URL of the database rather than database name.
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No.). Publisher. https://xxxx
Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, 2016 (Catalogue No. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0
Notes
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
- Year is the publication year or the most recent revision
- If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example: (Catalogue No. 1304.2)
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Standards Organization. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Bridge design: Scope and general principles (AS 5100.1:2018). https://www.saiglobal.com/
Standards Australia. (2013). Gas installations. Part 1, general installations (AS/NZS 5601.1:2013). https://www.saiglobal.com/
Notes
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Inventor, A. A. (Year the patent issued). Title of patent: Subtitle (Patent number). Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Hall, R. (2018). Mobile fuel delivery system (Australian Patent No. AU 2019904531). IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?ApplicationNo=2018100960
Botura, G. C., & Slane, C. (2017). Water storage system (European Patent No. E03B11/00). European Patent Office. https://www.epo.org/
Notes
- Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
- Year is the year the patent was issued not filed.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Website, social media, software
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Site name. Retrieved Month Day, Year from https://xxxx
Examples
Center for Bioethics. (2009). Ethics and pharmaceutical marketing. Retrieved January 23, 2020 from http://www.ahc.umn.edu/bioethics/research/pharm/home.html
SI News. (2019). Shaping the future of architecture. Study International. https://www.studyinternational.com/news/shaping-the-future-of-architecture/
Notes
- If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company as the author.
- If author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element.
- If no date is available, use n.d.
- If the webpage content is designed to change over time add a retrieval date.
- If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Radloff, A., & Coates, H. (2010). Doing more for learning: Enhancing engagement and outcomes: Australasian survey of student engagement [Australasian student engagement report]. Australian Council for Educational Research. https://www.acer.org/files/AUSSE_Australasian-Student-Engagement-Report-ASER-2009.pdf
Translink. (2019). Gold Coast line [Timetable]. Queensland Government. https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/gold-coast-line
Notes
- Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.
- For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title.
- If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site name. https://xxxx
Example
Abram, S. (2019, December 14). This library is showing the way for reading spaces in the digital age. Stephen's Lighthouse. https://stephenslighthouse.com/2019/12/14/this-library-is-showing-the-way-for-reading-spaces-in-the-digital-age/
Notes
- Do not italicise title of posts
- If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Post
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx
Profile
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Post
Griffith University Library. (2019, August 6). New to Griffith [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary
Profile
Griffith University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary
Format
Twitter / Instagram
Post
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx
Profile
Author, A. A.[@username]. (n.d.). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Post
Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary
Profile
Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://twitter.com/GriffithLibrary
Post
Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (2019, April 16). Express your selfie [Instagram photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/
Profile
Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (n.d.). Photographs [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version Number) [Format or Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742
Rovio Entertainment Corporation. (2019). Angry Birds Transformers (Version 1.49.4) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rovio.angrybirdstransformers&hl=en_US
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Clinical, medical, legal
Clinical and medical
Cochrane database systematic review
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of systematic review. Name of Database. http://doi.org/xxxx
Examples
Kairn, T., & Crowe, S. B. (2017). Clinical application of data mining: Evaluation and comparison of radiotherapy treatment plans for breast cancer. Cochrane Library. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-016-0494-2
Notes
- Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
- Use this format for DOI hyperlink: https://doi.org/xxxx
- Use the URL if no DOI available
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved August 22, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-activity-and-exercise-in-older-adults
Amiloride: Drug information. (2020). UpToDate. Retrieved May 14, 2020, from https://www-uptodate-com/contents/sorbitol-drug-information
Notes
In-text
- Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
- Add double quotation marks around the title.
- “Amiloride” (2020)
- (“Amiloride”, 2020)
Reference list
- Use the year of last update in the date element.
- Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
- Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.
- Remove the university proxy information from the URL.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/productname/lipitor/ID=3258745
Notes
In-text
- Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
- Add double quotation marks around the title.
- “Lipitor” (2020)
- (“Lipitor”, 2020)
Reference list
- Use the year of last update in the date element.
- Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
- Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.
- Remove the university proxy information from the URL.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Acarbose. (2020). Australian Medicines Handbook. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://amhonline-amh-net/chapters/endocrine-drugs/drugs-diabetes/other-drugs-diabetes/acarbose
Notes
In-text
- Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
- Add double quotation marks around the title.
- “Acarbose” (2020)
- (“Acarbose”, 2020)
Reference list
- Use the year of last update in the date element.
- Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
- Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.
- Remove the university proxy information from the URL.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Yusef, F. W. (2018). Unstable angina. BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://bestpractice-bmj-com. topics/en-gb/149?q=Angina,%20unstable
Acne. (2020). BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved May 14, 2020 from https://bestpractice-bmj-com/patient-leaflets/en-gb/pdf/1566599461151/Acne.pdf
Notes
In-text
- Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
- Add double quotation marks around the title.
- “Acne” (2020)
- (“Acne”, 2020)
Reference list
- Use the year of last update in the date element.
- Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
- Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.
- Remove the university proxy information from the URL.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Title of entry. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
Examples
Physical activity for Type 2 Diabetes. (2020). DynaMed. Retrieved May 11, 2020, https://www-dynamed-com/management/physical-activity-for-type-2-diabetes/
Notes
In-text
- Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
- Add double quotation marks around the title.
- “Physical activity” (2020)
- (“Physical activity”, 2020)
Reference list
- DynaMed articles may have a named topic editor. For DynaMed Plus use the title in place of the author.
- Use the year of last update in the date element.
- Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
- Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.
- Remove the university proxy information from the URL.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Legal
Rule
- The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
- Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.
Format
Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number-if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx
Examples
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa
Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (Cth) pt V div 2 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00827
Land Title Act 1994 (Qld) s 19 (Austl.). http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lta1994109/s18a.html
Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2017-008
Notes
- When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used.
- Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.
- If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section numbers in the reference list.
- Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2
- Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:
- chapter(s) - ch, chs
- section(s) - s, ss
- schedule(s) - sch, schs
- part(s) - pt, pts
- division(s) - div, divs
- subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
- paragraph(s) - para, paras
In-text
Example
According to part 4 of the Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld)...
... as outlined in the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017.
Rule
- The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
- Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.
Format
Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number - if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx
Examples
Marriage Act Amendment (Recognition of Foreign Marriages for Same-Sex Couples) Bill 2013 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013B00115
University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) ch 2 pt 3 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/bill.first/bill-2016-002#ch.2-pt.3
Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). LawOne.
Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) (Austl.).
Notes
- Titles of bills are not italicized.
- Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2
- Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:
- chapter(s) - ch, chs
- section(s) - s, ss
- schedule(s) - sch, schs
- part(s) - pt, pts
- division(s) - div, divs
- subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
- paragraph(s) - para, paras
In-text
Example
The Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) aims to address...
The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) extends this to...
Rule
- The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
- Consult The Bluebook for further details about referencing Australian legal sources.
Format
First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) Volume Law Report Title Abbreviation First page number, Pinpoint page number (if required) (Country abbreviation if not evident from context).
Examples
Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).
Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).
Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 187 ALR 574 (Austl.).
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367 (Austl.).
DPP (Vic) v Stanojlovic and Another (2017) 53 VR 90 (Austl.). Lexis Advance Pacific Research.
Notes
- Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited.
- Where there are multiple proceedings between same parties include the decision number in square brackets.
- All case names are in italics
- The abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a full stop.
- Where the Attorney-General and Department of Public Prosecutions are listed parties cite as "A-G" and "DPP" followed by the relevant jurisdiction short abbreviations in parentheses, for example: DPP (Vic)
- The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen" or "The King".
- A pinpoint page number should be separated from the First page number by a comma for example: Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).
- Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:
- chapter(s) - ch, chs
- section(s) - s, ss
- schedule(s) - sch, schs
- part(s) - pt, pts
- division(s) - div, divs
- subdivision(s) - sub-div, sub-divs
- paragraph(s) - para, paras
In-text
Example
According to the precedent set in Mabo v Queensland (1989), it is possible to claim...
...case such as Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017).
Figure, table, lecture notes, other
Format
Figure #
Title of Diagram/Map/Chart/Plot/Photo/Image
From journal
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Title of Journal, Volume(issue), p. xx. (https://xxx). Copyright [Year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.
From book
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Book (Edition/Volume, p. xx), by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Publisher. (https://xxxx). In the public domain.
From website
Note. Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Web Document/Site/Image, by A. A. Author/Organisation, Year (https://xxxx). Creative commons license abbreviation eg. CC BY-SA..
Example
Figure 1
Map of Australia
Note. This map highlights where the state of Queensland is within Australia. From Maps of Australia, 2008, (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Australia). In the public domain.
Notes
- Figure # (bold) appears before the title. The figure number starts at 1 and increments for each figure used.
- Figure Title is italicized and uses headline case, for example: Mean Regression Slopes in Experiment 1
- Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the figure to describe content such as copyright attribution, abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included in the legend or defined anywhere else.
- Figures can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
- If figure is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
- Copyright attribution is required for a figure (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
- Use headline case for copyright attribution of the source title, for example: From: "Retrieval Monitoring and Ansognosia in Alzheimer's Disease," by D. A. Gallo, & J. M. Chen, 2007, Neuropsychology, 21, p. 560.
- Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the figure.
- Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.22, p. 225) on preparing figures for more detailed instructions.
In-text
- Refer to a figure in the text of your assignment in the following ways:
- As shown in Figure 2......
- ... the survey results (see Figure 4)....
Format
Table #
Title of Table
Note. Brief description of the contents of the table. From "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B. B. Author, Year, Source Title, Page (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.
Example
Note. Error rates shown for surveyed groups. From "Generations" by L. G. Elias and C. C. Bent, 2002, Journal of Geriatric Care, 5(4), 22. Copyright 2020 by Generation Publishing.
Notes
- Table # (bold) appears before the title. The table number starts at 1 and increments for each table used.
- Table Title is italicized and uses headline case for example: Details of Experimental Procedure
- Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the table to describe content such as abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included or defined anywhere else.
- Tables can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
- If table is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
- Copyright attribution is required for a table (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
- Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the table.
- Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.8, p. 199) on preparing tables for more detailed instructions.
- This fictional example was adapted from Reingold, E. (2008). APA: Tables and figures. Retrieved from http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/resources/handouts_apa/TablesFigures1.pdf
In-text
- Refer to a table in the text of your assignment in the following ways:
- As shown in Table 2......
- ... the survey results (see Table 4)....
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx
Examples
Center for Disease Control. (2016). Malaria lifecycle [Image]. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg
Weston Arnold, K. (2018). [Bike short fashion] [Photograph]. Vogue. https://assets.vogue.com/photos/59caa0b318ac15238b3290f0/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/KIM_1101.jpg
Notes
- Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or copyright attribution may be necessary.
- When citing idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo use an in-text citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
- For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
- For including an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo in your writing see the "Figures" section for details.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Lecturer, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Examples
Tiralongo, J. (2019). 3992NSC_Y1 & Y2 Science capstone: Science capstone structure [Lecture recording]. Learning@Griffith. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/3992NSC_Y1andY2lecturerecordings
Tiralongo, J. (2019). [Lecture recording on capstone structure]. Griffith Sciences, Griffith University. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Notes
- Private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like are cited in-text only, providing name of source, method of communication, place, date and other pertinent information.
- Details can be provided in running text or in parentheses.
- They are not included in the reference list.
In-text
Examples
An email (A. Davis, personal communication, July 2, 2018) confirming that report has been submitted...
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript. [Unpublished manuscript, or Manuscript submitted for publication, or Manuscript in preparation]. University Name. https://xxxx
Example
Parker, T. (2002). Style notes for typescripts in the social sciences. [Unpublished manuscript]. Australian National University.
Notes
- Unpublished work includes work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication, or has been completed but not submitted for publication.
- This includes work that has not been formally published but it is available on institutional website.
- If the work is available in an electronic archive, give this information at the end.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author (Year) stated...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | Parenthetical in-text citation | Narrative in-text citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) | Fetherston (2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) | Crossman and Mills (2011) |
| 3+ | Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... | (Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020) | Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state.... |
Notes on et al.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
- To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location.
Example
Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.
Notes
- Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or corporate documents and other documents.
- This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials.
- Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
- For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the interviewer's name in the description.
In-text
Format
(Author, Year)
Author stated (Year) ...
Paraphrase
Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).
Quote
Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).
Quick author summary
| Authors | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T. (2007). Title... | (Fetherston, 2007) |
| 2 | Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title... | (Crossman & Mills, 2011) |
| 3-5 | Colagiuri, R., Girgis, S., Eigenmann, C., Gomez, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title... |
|
| 6-7 | Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M., & Van Kraayenoord, C. (2000). Title ... | (Louden et al., 2000) |
| 8+ | Khokhlova, T. D., Wang, Y. N., Simon, J. C., Cunitz, B. W., Starr, F., Paun, M., … Khokhlova, V. A. (2014). Title ... | (Khokhlova et al., 2014) |
Can't find it?
Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.
In-text citations
Acknowledge authors using the following formats:
- Paraphrase:
- Author (Year) expresses the idea....
- ....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year)
- ....paraphrased idea sentence (Author & Author, Year).
Examples:
- Fetherston (2007) expresses the idea...
- Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston, 2007).
- Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).
- Quote
- Author (Year) "text of direct quote" (Page).
- "text of direct quote" (Author & Author, Year, Page).
Examples:
- Fetherston (2007) claims that teachers "suggest ways of looking at the new material" (p. 61).
- Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2010, p. 171).
Notes:
- When acknowledging multiple authors in the text of a sentence precede the final name with the word "and"
- When acknowledging multiple authors in the parentheses and reference list precede the final name with an ampersand "&"
Text transcript for video: Creating in-text citations using the APA7 referencing style
APA7 is an 'author/date' style.
The author of your resource and the publication date are two pieces of information that must be included in the text or writing of your work. This is called an in-text citation.
Imagine this is a sentence that you have written in your assignment. You’ve taken an idea from a book by Bedford and Wilson put it into your own words; this is called 'paraphrasing'. Your in-text citation might look like this.
Note only the author family name or surname is used without any initials. The 'and' symbol is used between the author names. The author names are followed by a comma, and the year the book was published. The whole in-text citation is placed before the full stop at the end of the sentence. If you use two or more different resources in the same sentence, separate by a semi colon.
Sometimes you may wish for the author names to be included as part of your sentence. If you do this, you only need to place the year in the bracket, like this. You also notice that if the author names are used as part of the sentence, the 'and' symbol is not used. Instead the word 'and' is spelled in full.
At other times as you write, you may wish to produce the exact words from a source. This is called 'quoting'. When you quote the exact words of someone else, you must place them in quotation marks. In APA style, double quotation marks are used, like these.
Again, note that the author names and the year are inside a bracket at the end of the sentence, and when you use a direct quote, you must include a page number to indicate where the quote is located within the resource.
Again, the entire in-text citation is placed in a bracket before the full stop at the end of the sentence. You could also use the author names as part of the sentence if you wish. Note the year is placed directly after the author names and the page number is placed at the end of the quote.
If your resource has three or more authors cite the surname of the first author only, followed by et al and the publication year for the first and subsequent citations - paraphrasing or quoting.
The intext citation is a shortcut to the full information available in the reference list.
More detailed examples and explanations can be found in the Referencing Guides on the Griffith Library webpage.
Text transcript for video: Creating a reference list using the APA7 referencing style
To create the reference list at the end of your assignment, you'll record the four elements of your sources (who, when, what and where). APA7 style has rules on how these four elements should be presented and formatted. Let's look at some resources.
This is a photocopy of the title page and verso page of a print book. We need to extract the four elements to create a reference. The 'Who' element is the author. The 'When' element is the year of publication. The 'What' element is the title, and the 'Where' element is the publisher details.
Now we have our four elements we can create our reference.
APA7 style rules state that you begin with the author's family name followed by a comma, followed by any first name initials, followed by full stops.
Next element is the year of publication in a bracket followed by a full stop.
Next is the title of the book, recorded in italics, and in 'sentence case'. 'Sentence case' means a capital letter only for the first word in the title.
In this instance we have an edition of the book to record, so this goes at the end of the title in normal font in a bracket, the word 'edition' is abbreviated to 'ed' followed by a full stop. A further full stop is placed after the bracket.
Next, we record the name of the publisher.
If this resource was a print copy only or a copy available through an online database, the reference entry would end after the publisher name with a fullstop. However, this print book has a DOI listed on the verso page.
DOI stands for “digital object identifier” and is a unique code assigned to a resource. APA7 rules state that if a resource is allocated a DOI it must be included in the reference list entry. The doi is entered after the publisher name. No fullstop is entered after the doi as this would alter the doi code.
Note the formatting for a doi - it is recorded as a url or web address.
Note that there is double line spacing and a hanging indent.
Let's look at a journal article from a library database.
The 'Who' element, the authors, When, the year of publication, the 'What' are the titles of the article and the journal. The 'Where' information is the volume and issue number, the page numbers, and also the DOI.
We have the four elements so we can create our reference. Author family names first, followed by first name initials, followed by full stop. The year in brackets followed by full stop. Next is the article title in sentence case. Again 'Sentence case' means capital letter only for the first word, any word that appears after a colon in the title or is a proper noun. Next is the journal title in italics. This is followed by a comma, then the volume and issue number are recorded.
The volume number is also recorded in italics, but the issue number is not. This element is followed by a comma, then the page numbers are recorded, followed by a full stop. Finally the DOI. We do not place full stop at the end of the reference, as this would alter the doi code.
Finally let's look at a document from the Web. Examine the webpage to find the four elements - the author, the date of publication, the title, and where it is located. In this instance we provide the URL address. Note that for a webpage we provide the most specific date possible. In this example the year, month and day are provided so this information is included in our reference list entry. Now we can create our reference.
Author name, date in brackets entered in the order of year, month and day. Title in italics and the URL. And again, we don't add a full stop as this would alter the URL.
Your reference list at the end of your assignment may look something like this.
The word 'References' is centred at the top of the page, and your list is in alphabetical order based on the surname of your authors. Do not change the way the authors are listed on the resource. The reference list is double-spaced and has a hanging indent.
Also note for a work with up to 20 authors, include all the names (surname and initials) in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.
This video is an introduction to creating a reference list in the APA7 referencing style. More detailed examples and explanations can be found in the Referencing Guides on the Griffith library webpage.
Reference list
Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References".
In your reference list:
- sort references alphabetically (A-Z) by surname of the first author of the work, if no author sort under the first significant word of the title
- use a hanging indent the second line and subsequent lines of a reference are indented tabbed space or 1.27cm
- double space references throughout the list
- write titles using sentence case - capitalise the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper names.
- italicise titles of books, journals, films, videos, and web sites but not book chapters and journal article titles.
- write journal titles and corporate authors' names out in full, no abbreviations
References
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, 2016 (Catalogue No. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0
Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243
Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.
Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565
Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219
Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.
Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235
Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426
Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf
Quinnan. T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey. http://www.netlibrary.com
Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222
Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.
Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020
Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(8), 42-45. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx
Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Official manual and style blog
Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.
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- From the Select a printer drop-down, tap Save as PDF
- Tap the blue circle to download the PDF
Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. Users are directed to confirm specific referencing requirements with their course convenor and to consult the manual directly for more information.
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