AGPS Harvard

AGPS Harvard examples
How to create in-text citations
How to format a reference list
Official manual
How to print or save guide
Ask the library

This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.

Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) Harvard is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools

Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.

When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.

Using generative AI ethically and responsibly module

AGPS Harvard Examples

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

We respectfully advise that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may contain images or names of people who have passed away.

You are encouraged to use this guide when working with sources created by First Peoples. Refer to the notes for further guidance on how to appropriately reference and acknowledge the creator(s) Nation, Country and/or language group.

Materials

First People Materials

Book

Format

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, Publisher, Location.

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, viewed Day Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX> OR <URL>

Examples

Print

Nganampa Health Council 1991, Anangu way, Anangu Pitjantjatjara, South Australia, Nganampa Health Council, Alice Springs, Northern Territory.

Electronic

Behrendt, L 2012, Indigenous Australia for dummies, Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales, viewed 28 March 2019, <https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf>

Notes

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>
Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue. Format as a print book.
Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.
Omit information if not known.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Web page

Format

AuthorLastName, Initials(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>

Examples

Yugambeh Museum 2019, Language resources, Yugambeh, South East Queensland, viewed 28 March 2019, <https://www.yugambeh.com/language-resources>

Notes

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
If the work is untitled use 'Untitled ' in place of the title.
Omit information if not known.
If no date is available, use n.d.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Artwork, designs, objects or images - Viewed online

Format

ArtistLastName, Initials(s) Year, Title: subtitle, description of work, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Examples

Gabori, M 2005, My country, painting, Kaiadilt, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Queensland Art Gallery, viewed 19 March 2019, <http://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/qag/imu.php request=display&port=45001&id=82ae&flag=ecatalogue&offset=111&count=default&view=details>

Napangati, Y 2018, Untitled, painting, Papunya Tula, Northern Territory, Australia, Art Gallery of NSW, viewed 20 March 2019, <https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/wynne/2018/30021/>

Notes

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
Present URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
Omit information if not known.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Artwork, designs, objects or images - Viewed in person

Format

ArtistLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, description of work, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, type of work, Museum/Gallery/Site, Place.

Example

Carmichael. S 2017, Deranji Dabayil (Rocky place, healing waters): baskets of culture, commercial raffia and ghost net strands, Ngugi people of Quandamooka, Minjerribah, North Stradbroke Island, The Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Queensland.

Notes

If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
Omit information if not known.
If the work is untitled use 'Untitled' in place of the title.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Personal Communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

In-text format

A Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Day Month, Year)

OR

(A Author, Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Day Month, Year)

In-text examples

E Timbery (Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, personal communication, 23 April, 2015) says that in recent indigenous artworks...

… in recent indigenous artworks (E Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, personal communication, 23 April, 2015).

Notes

Personal communication is only included in the body of your work. It does not require a matching entry in the reference list.
Personal correspondence includes a face to face conversation or interview, a telephone call, a facsimile (fax), or a letter.
It is important to obtain the permission of the person being referred to before use.
Can replace “personal communication” with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if using a yarning methodology.
Where applicable, if the author, or person sharing the information is an Elder, they should be referred to as Aunty or Uncle in your narrative.
If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
If you are yourself a First Peoples author and are sharing your own experiences, you do not need to provide any form of citation (either in-text or in the reference list). However, you should describe yourself in the text to contextualise the information you are sharing (this would include what nation you belong to and where you live).
Omit information if not known.

Author treatment in the reference list

Multiple authors from different countries or nations

Rule

If there are multiple Indigenous Australian authors from different places, write the name of the author after their nation/country, language, and place of nation/country information.

Format

Art - Viewed Online

ArtistLastName, Initial(s) & ArtistLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, description of work, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Artist A Last Name), Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Artist B Last Name), Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Book - Print

AuthortLastName, Initial(s) & AuthortLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A Last Name), Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author B Last name), Publisher, Location.

Examples

Art - Viewed Online

Timbrey, E & Jones, J 2015, Shell wall, shell art installation, Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia (Timbrey), Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, NSW, Australia (Jones), Barangaroo Delivery Authority, viewed 18 March 2019, <https://www.barangaroo.com/the-project/arts-and-public-program/shell-wall-2015-by-esme-timbery-and-jonathan-jones/>

Book - Print

Murphy, J & Kennedy, L 2016, Welcome to country, Wurundjeri, Melbourne, VIC (Murphy), Trawlwoolway, Tasmania (Kennedy), Blackdog Books, Newtown, NSW.

Notes

Examples have been provided for two different resource types. You will need to apply the rule to the type of resource you are referencing.
Omit information if not known.
If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.
Use the URL if no DOI available
Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue.
Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Works by First Peoples and non-Indigenous creators

Rule

If the work is a collaboration between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous creators, write the name of the Indigenous Australian creator after their nation/country, language, and place of nation/country information.

Format

Art - Viewed online

ArtistLastName, Initial(s) & ArtistLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title, description of work, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (First Peoples ArtistLastName), Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Art - Viewed in person

ArtistLastName, Initial(s) & ArtistLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title, description of work, Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (First Peoples ArtistLastName), type of work, Museum/Gallery/Site, Place.

Examples

Art - Viewed online

Jagamara, MN & Tillers, I 2017, Metafisica Australe 2017, painting, Warlpiri/Luritja, Papunya region, Northern Territory, Australia (Jagamara), Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA), viewed 18 March 2019, <https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisica-australe/>

Art - Viewed in person

Broadhust, H & Watson, J 1996, Untitled, public sculpture, goanna, Waanyi, North Queensland (Watson), Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, QLD.

Notes

Examples have been provided for two different resource types. You will need to apply the rule to the type of resource you are referencing.
Omit information if not known.
If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
Present DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks, for example: http:// or https://
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.
Use the URL if no DOI available.
Omit the URL element if the URL is from a research database or library catalogue.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Paraphrase

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council 1991).

Quote

Behrendt (2012, p. 50) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists”.

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt 2012, p. 50).

Quick author summary

Authors	Reference list	Parenthetical in-text citation	Narrative in-text citation
1	Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...	(Fetherston, 2007)	Fetherston (2007)
2	Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...	(Crossman & Mills, 2011)	Crossman and Mills (2011)
3+	Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...	(Carter et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020) (Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)	Carter et al. (2020) states... Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state... Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Authors

Reference list

Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citation

1

Fetherston, T. (2007). Title...

(Fetherston, 2007)

Fetherston (2007)

2

Crossman, J., & Mills, C. (2011). Title...

(Crossman & Mills, 2011)

Crossman and Mills (2011)

3+

Carter, R., Brown, S., Murphy, C., Harris, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Title...

(Carter et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al., 2020)

(Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al., 2020)

Carter et al. (2020) states...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. (2020) state...

Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. (2020) state....

Notes on et al.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Book

Book – electronic with DOI

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX>.

Example

Frid, C & Caswell, BA 2017, Marine pollution, Oxford University Press, viewed 18 October 2019, DOI:<10.1093/oso/9780198726289.001.0001>.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
For the DOI, use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Book – electronic with URL

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

McMeekin, A, Green, K, Tomlinson, M & Walsh, V (eds) 2018, Innovation by demand: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of demand and its role in innovation, Manchester University Press, viewed 17 October 2019, <https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137449/9781526137449.xml>.

Notes

Reference same as a print book but replace place published with a 'viewed date' and URL at the end.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Book – electronic from a platform or with a particular format

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, via Name of library database.

Example

Coutts, G & Jokela, T 2008, Art, community and environment: educational perspectives, Intellect Books Ltd, viewed 2 December 2019, via ProQuest Ebook Central.

Notes

Reference same as a print book but replace place published with a 'viewed date' and name of the database.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Book – print

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, Place published.

Examples

Fetherston, T 2007, Becoming an effective teacher, Thomson Learning, South Melbourne.

Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, Universities online: a survey of online education and services in Australia, Department of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.

Cancer Council Western Australia 2008, The progress of tobacco control in Western Australia: achievements, challenges and hopes for the future, Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
If the place of publication is part of the publisher's name, for example: Melbourne University Press, there is no need to include the place of publication in the reference.
If there is another place of the same name, the place of publication may need explanation. For example: Cambridge, Mass and Cambridge, UK.
If no place of publication can be noted, use n.p. (no place).

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Book chapter

Format

Electronic

ChapterAuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of chapter', in Initial(s) EditorLastName (ed.), Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX> or <URL>.

Print

ChapterAuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of chapter', in Initial(s) EditorLastName (ed.), Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, Place published, pp. page range.

Examples

Tomak, K & Xia, M 2002, 'A strategic analysis of exchange based B2B networks', in MJ Shaw (ed.), E-Business management, Springer, pp. 355-371, viewed 20 September 2019, DOI:<10.1007/0-306-47548-0_16>.

Sherren, K 2006, 'Pillars of society: the historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia', in W Filho & D Carpenter (eds), Sustainability in the Australasian university context, Peter Lang, Frankfurt, pp. 11-32.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
Use abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds for multiple editors.
For electronic copy, remove place published and add a viewed date and DOI or URL.
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Book with editor, compiler, reviser or translator

Format

Editor prominent

EditorLastName, Initial(s) (ed.) Year, Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, Place published.

Author prominent

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), ed. Initial(s) EditorLastName, Publisher, Place published.

Example

Brocke, JV & Rosemann, M (eds) 2015, Handbook on business process management 1, 2nd edn, Springer, Berlin.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
If the editor's (or compiler's, reviser's or translator's) role is of primary importance, list the work under the editor's (or compiler's, reviser's or translator's) name.
If a work has been edited, compiled, revised or translated but the author’s role remains of primary importance, list the work under the author’s name and acknowledge the role of editor, (compiler, reviser or translator) after the title. In this instance, the editor's (compiler's, reviser's or translator's) initials precede the surname.
The abbreviations ed., eds, trans., rev., comp. and comps are used.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Encyclopedia

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title: subtitle of article’, Encyclopedia Title, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX> or <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Encyclopedia Title, pp. page range.

Examples

Bicchieri, C 1998, 'Decision and game theory', Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 3 December 2019, DOI:<10.4324/9780415249126-Q023-1>.

Rosen, H 1963, 'Abortion', The Encyclopedia of Mental Health, pp. 9-28.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication
If the author of the encyclopedia entry is known, reference the same way as that for newspaper.
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.
Use abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds for multiple editors.
If no author is evident provide the necessary details in the in-text reference.
Example
The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language (1995) defines ...

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Dictionary

Article

Journal article – electronic with DOI

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX>.

Example

Buckridge, M & Guest, R 2007, 'A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms', Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133-146, viewed 08 October 2019, DOI:<10.1080/07294360701310771>.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be preceded by p. or pp.
The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier, and should be provided in the reference where it is available. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Journal article – electronic with URL

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Kennedy, G, Judd, T, Churchward, A, Gray, K & Krause, K 2008, 'First year students' experiences with technology: are they really digital natives?', Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 108-122, viewed 29 September 2008, <http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy.html>.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be proceeded by p. or pp.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Journal article – print

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue number, pp. page range.

Example

Leonard, V & LeBrasseur, R 2008, 'Individual assignments and academic dishonesty: exploring the conundrum', The Australian Educational Researcher, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 37-56.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
Generally, journal citations do not include place of publication. However, if two or more different journals exist with the same or similar name note the place of publication in parentheses after the journal title.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Journal article – electronic from a database

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, via Database title.

Example

Buckridge, M & Guest, R 2007, 'A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms', Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133-146, viewed 16 September 2008, via ERIC database.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be proceeded by p. or pp.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Newspaper article – electronic

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title: subtitle of article’, Title of newspaper, Date month of publication, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Milman, O 2014, 'Sheep cruelty video sparks RSPCA investigation: animal rights group releases covertly filmed video it says shows abuse in shearing sheds across three states in Australia', The Guardian, 11 July, viewed 28 October 2019, <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/sheep-cruelty-video-sparks-rspca-investigation>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Newspaper article – print

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Magazine title, date month of publication, pp. page range.

Example

Healy, G 2008, 'Bradley received a cautious thumbs up', The Australian, 18 June, p. 21.

Notes

If the authorship is not obvious, provide all details in the in-text citation. There is no need for a reference list entry in this case.

Example: ...was stated in the Sydney Morning Herald (24 January 2000, p.12).

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Report, thesis, conference

Government publication

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, Place published.

Examples

Queensland Health 2015, The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability, Queensland Government, viewed 14 October 2019, <https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf>.

Queensland Health 2018, Review of mental health services following Moorooka incident, Queensland Government, Brisbane.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Report

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Name Year, Title: subtitle of report, Report number, Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Name Year, Title: subtitle of report, Report number (if available), Publisher, Place of publication.

Examples

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, Child protection Australia 2008-09, Cat. no. CWS 35, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, viewed 01 November 2019, <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/child-protection/child-protection-australia-2008-09/contents/table-of-contents>.

Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training 2002, Striving for quality: learning, teaching and scholarship, DEST no. 6891.HERC02A, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Conference paper

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of paper', Title of published proceedings, Publisher, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of paper', Title of published proceedings (may include place held and date), Publisher, Place of Publication, pp. page number(s).

Examples

Marganic, MB 2010, 'Development visual literacy in digital environment', The 33rd International Convention MIPRO, IEEE, pp. 1096-1098, viewed 25 March 2019, <https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5533615>.

Lance, D 2001, 'Venture capital viewpoints and e-learning futures', Online learning in a borderless market: proceedings of a conference, Griffith University, Gold Coast, pp. 75-78.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Conference presentation (unpublished)

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of paper', paper presented at Name of conference, Place of conference, Date Month (of conference).

Example

Marganic, MB 2010, 'Development visual literacy in digital environment', paper presented at The 33rd International Convention MIPRO, Opatija, 24-28 May.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
Use this citation if you attended a conference or before the paper is published.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Thesis or dissertation

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title: subtitle of thesis', award (for example, PhD, Masters), Institution issuing degree, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title:subtitle of thesis', award (for example, PhD, Masters), Institution issuing degree, Institution location.

Examples

Bond, C 2000, 'The development of students' experiences of learning in higher education', PhD Thesis, Griffith University, viewed 16 September 2008, <https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/397f7076-0a86-ed5a-903b-dd603282c3bc/1/01front.pdf>.

Herbert, KA 1995, 'Parallel knowledge: farmers and scientists and land classification', BAppSC thesis, University of Canberra.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Video, audio, music, performance

Video stream – database

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, format, Date and Month (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Date Month Year, Name of database or streaming service.

Example

Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, Feeding frenzy: the food industry, obesity and the creation of a health crisis, streaming video, Media Education Foundation, viewed 22 October 2014, Kanopy database.

Notes

Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, format, Day and Month published (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Griffith University Libraries 2017, Referencing made easy, online video, 20 January, viewed 16 October 2019, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2QiqewK4yY>.

Notes

Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray

Format

Title: subtitle, Year of production, format, Publisher (or Distributor), Place, any other useful information such as directed by, produced, starring FirstName LastName.

Example

Fahrenheit 9/11 2004, DVD, Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, Culver City, California. Written, produced and directed by Michael Moore.

Sunday too far away 1975, motion picture, South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide. Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd, Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg Lye and Max Cullen.

Notes

Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Audio stream or podcast

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, type of medium, Date Month (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Closing the gap in a generation 2008, podcast radio programme, 15 September, ABC Radio National, viewed 16 October 2019, <http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/>.

Notes

In this example there are no notable authors and the title has been used in the authors position.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Image, table, data, statistics

Image, figure or table

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition (if applicable), Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Print

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition (if applicable), Publisher, Place published.

Examples

Biggs, J & Tang, C 2011, Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, 4th edn, Open University Press, viewed 2 December 2019, <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f96/f4a66767293cf2902652ac9eadfa8ef51f13.pdf>.

Biggs, J & Tang, C 2007, Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, 3rd edn, Open University Press, Berkshire.

In-text

Example

Figure 1: 'Student orientation, teaching method and level of engagement' (Biggs & Tang 2011, p. 6).

diagram of relationship between student orientation, teaching method and level of engagement represented by two exponential curves

Notes

Any image used in an assignment requires a caption. If the image is not your own work it also requires an in-text citation to the original source.

A caption should include

The word Figure, Table or Image (with a capital letter)
A number (from 1, in numerical order)
A title for the figure or brief description of the work
An in-text citation for the reference of the source (if not your own work), which includes the Author(s), date and page number for the source, i.e. (Biggs & Tang 2011, p. 6).

Images, figures, tables or any artistic works should be cited as citing any other type of work.

If you got the image from

A BOOK, reference it as you would a book
A JOURNAL, reference as you would a journal
A WEB PAGE, reference it as you would a web page

Statistics

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title, catalogue number, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, cat. no. 8111.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 29 September 2019, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/E3E47927DC354473CA25772E001BD86D?opendocument>.

Notes

For statistics found in a print book, remove viewed date and URL and add a place of publication.

Format Example

Organisation Year, Title, catalogue number, Publisher, Place published.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Data set

Format

With DOI

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Publisher, DOI:<XX.XXXX>.

With URL

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Examples

Woods, C, Fernee, C, Browne, M, Zakrzewski, S & Dickinson, A 2018, The potential of statistical shape modelling for geometric morphometric analysis of human teeth in archaeological research, Dataset, University of Southampton Institutional Repository, DOI:<10.5258/SOTON/404043>.

Fluker, M 2017, Fluker posts: community based environmental monitoring, Dataset, Fluker Post Research Project, viewed 12 June 2018, <http://www.flukerpost.com>.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
If the resource has a DOI, you must use the DOI. Use either of the following formats: DOI:<xx.xxx> or <https://doi.org/xxxx>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Website, social media, software, AI

Web page

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year created or revised, Title of document or page, Name of the publisher, sponsor or host of the webpage, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

National Library of Australia 2010, About the National Library, National Library of Australia, viewed 30 March 2010, <http://www.nla.gov.au>.

Notes

AGPS Harvard requires page numbers when using a direct quote. However, webpages of have no pagination. Paragraph numbers (para. #) can be used to indicate source of quote. The paragraph number is determined by counting from the top of the source document. Confirm with your course convener if use of paragraph numbers are allowed or required.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Web document

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Griffith University 2016, Reconciliation action plan 2016 - 2018, Griffith University, viewed 25 November 2019, <https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/213042/Griffith-Reconciliation-Action-Plan.pdf>.

Notes

The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
For a document located within a website, reference the same as you would for an electronic book with URL.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Blog post

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Date Month blog posted (if available), viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Brogan, C 2008, 50 ways to take your blog to the next level, Blog post, 14 September, viewed 29 September 2019, <http://www.chrisbrogan.com/50-ways-to-take-your-blog-to-the-next-level/>.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Generative AI tools

Legal, standard, unpublished

Act

Format

Title of the Act including Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation)

Examples

Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth)

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld)

Notes

Legislation (Acts and Bills) or legal authorities (Case) are included in a reference list only if it important to an understanding of the work. If so, set the list apart from the main body of the reference list and present it alphabetically under the appropriate subheading 'Legislation' or 'Legal authorities'.
The names of Acts should be cited exactly - neither spelling nor capitalization should be altered.
If the title of an Act begins with A, An or The, do NOT omit these.
All elements of the formal titles of Acts and Ordinances should be italicized.

In-text

Example

The Commonwealth's A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation Tax) Act 1999 makes provision for ...

... A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation Tax) Act 1999 (Cwlth)

Notes

Most Acts and Ordinances have a short formal title that can be used for citation purposes. First reference to an Act or Ordinance should always cite this short formal title, in italics, exactly and in full. In subsequent references this title can be shown in roman type and with the date omitted. E.g. the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974... the Environment Protection (impact of Proposals) Act ...
There are two ways to clarify the jurisdiction, make it obvious in the text or place the information - abbreviated, in parentheses and in roman type - after the date.

Bill

Legal case

Standard

Format

Electronic

Issuing body Year, Title: subtitle of standard, Number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body, viewed Day Month Year, <URL> or Database name.

Print

Issuing body Year, Title: subtitle of standard, Number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body, Publisher of standard, Place of publication.

Examples

Standards Australia 2006, Tutoring code of practice, HB 201-2006, viewed 29 September 2014, <http://www.saiglobal.com/>.

Standards Australia International Limited 2004, Risk management, AS/NZS 4360:2004, Standards Australia International, Sydney.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Patent

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title of patent, Number of patent and issuing country.

Example

Brault, AR, Chitayat, AK & Beeh, RCM 1969, Microcircuit art generating means, US Patent 3704946A.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Lecture notes

Format

AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of lecture notes', Course code and Course Title, viewed Day Month, <URL>.

Example

Cheyne, N 2008, 'Week 9 lecture: intelligence', 1004CCJ Introduction to Human Behaviour, viewed 10 October, <https://learning.griffith.edu.au/@@11F0F4DC6CD3AFBB8C1CDC875741FF3D/courses/1/1004CCJ_3075_MG/content/_332905_1/intelligence%20>.

Notes

Confirm with your course convener if referencing lecture notes or other course materials is required.

In-text

Format

(Author Year)

(Author Year, Page)

Paraphrase

Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.

Quote

Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)

Notes

If there is no date, use n.d.
Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)

Author	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Fetherston, T 2007, ...	(Fetherston 2007)
2	Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ...	(Bohm & Chaudhri 2000)
3	Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ...	(Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013)
4+	Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ...	(Bell et al. 2002, p. 27)
No author	Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ...	(Closing the gap in a generation 2008)
Corporate	Cancer Council 2010, ...	(Cancer Council 2010, p.5)
Corporate	ACOSS–see Australian Council of Social Services. Australian Council of Social Services 1997,...	(ACOSS 1997, p.31)

Personal communication

Other

Sources citing other sources

Multiple references in one citation

Multiple works by the same author

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year

In-text citations

Acknowledge authors in your writing using the following formats:

Paraphrase: ...was concluded (Author Year).; Author (Year) discusses how...

Example: Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston 2007).

Quote: Author (Year, Page) states that...; ...(Author Year, Page)

Example: Fetherston (2007, p. 61) claims that teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material'.

Reference list

Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment with the heading "References".

In your reference list:

add a reference for every source cited in your work
order references alphabetically A-Z by surname of the first author of the work
list works with no author under the first significant word of the title
list multiple works by the same author from oldest to newest by date
add a lower case letter immediately after the year for multiple works by the same author in the same year, for example (2000a, 2000b, 2000c).

Sample referencing list

References