This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.
Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) Harvard is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.
AGPS Harvard Examples
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Book
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX>.
Example
Frid, C & Caswell, BA 2017, Marine pollution, Oxford University Press, viewed 18 October 2019, DOI:<10.1093/oso/9780198726289.001.0001>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- There are three acceptable ways to add a DOI:
- separately, e.g. doi:10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a url, e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a secure url, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
McMeekin, A, Green, K, Tomlinson, M & Walsh, V (eds) 2018, Innovation by demand: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of demand and its role in innovation, Manchester University Press, viewed 17 October 2019, <https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137449/9781526137449.xml>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Reference same as a print book but replace place published with a 'viewed date' and URL at the end.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Book – electronic from a platform or with a particular format
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, via Name of library database.
Example
Coutts, G & Jokela, T 2008, Art, community and environment: educational perspectives, Intellect Books Ltd, viewed 2 December 2019, via ProQuest Ebook Central.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Reference same as a print book but replace place published with a 'viewed date' and name of the database.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, Place published.
Examples
Fetherston, T 2007, Becoming an effective teacher, Thomson Learning, South Melbourne.
Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, Universities online: a survey of online education and services in Australia, Department of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.
Cancer Council Western Australia 2008, The progress of tobacco control in Western Australia: achievements, challenges and hopes for the future, Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- If the place of publication is part of the publisher's name, for example: Melbourne University Press, there is no need to include the place of publication in the reference.
- If there is another place of the same name, the place of publication may need explanation. For example: Cambridge, Mass and Cambridge, UK.
- If no place of publication can be noted, use n.p. (no place).
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
Electronic
ChapterAuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of chapter', in Initial(s) EditorLastName (ed.), Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX> or <URL>.
ChapterAuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of chapter', in Initial(s) EditorLastName (ed.), Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, Place published, pp. page range.
Examples
Tomak, K & Xia, M 2002, 'A strategic analysis of exchange based B2B networks', in MJ Shaw (ed.), E-Business management, Springer, pp. 355-371, viewed 20 September 2019, DOI:<10.1007/0-306-47548-0_16>.
Sherren, K 2006, 'Pillars of society: the historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia', in W Filho & D Carpenter (eds), Sustainability in the Australasian university context, Peter Lang, Frankfurt, pp. 11-32.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Use abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds for multiple editors.
- For electronic copy, remove place published and add a viewed date and DOI or URL.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Book with editor, compiler, reviser or translator
Format
Editor prominent
EditorLastName, Initial(s) (ed.) Year, Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), Publisher, Place published.
Author prominent
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition number (if applicable), ed. Initial(s) EditorLastName, Publisher, Place published.
Example
Brocke, JV & Rosemann, M (eds) 2015, Handbook on business process management 1, 2nd edn, Springer, Berlin.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- If the editor's (or compiler's, reviser's or translator's) role is of primary importance, list the work under the editor's (or compiler's, reviser's or translator's) name.
- If a work has been edited, compiled, revised or translated but the author’s role remains of primary importance, list the work under the author’s name and acknowledge the role of editor, (compiler, reviser or translator) after the title. In this instance, the editor's (compiler's, reviser's or translator's) initials precede the surname.
- The abbreviations ed., eds, trans., rev., comp. and comps are used.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title: subtitle of article’, Encyclopedia Title, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX> or <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Encyclopedia Title, pp. page range.
Examples
Bicchieri, C 1998, 'Decision and game theory', Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 3 December 2019, DOI:<10.4324/9780415249126-Q023-1>.
Rosen, H 1963, 'Abortion', The Encyclopedia of Mental Health, pp. 9-28.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication
- If the author of the encyclopedia entry is known, reference the same way as that for newspaper.
- Use abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds for multiple editors.
- If no author is evident provide the necessary details in the in-text reference.
- Example
- The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language (1995) defines ...
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Notes
- No reference list entry required.
- Information is provided in the in-text reference only.
In-text
Example
The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines .....
Article
Journal article – electronic with DOI
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, DOI:<XX.XXX>.
Example
Buckridge, M & Guest, R 2007, 'A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms', Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133-146, viewed 08 October 2019, DOI:<10.1080/07294360701310771>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be preceeded by p. or pp.
- The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier, and should be provided in the reference where it is available. More recent electronic journal articles will be displayed as permanent URL's.
There are three acceptable ways to add a DOI:
- separately, e.g. doi:10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a url, e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a secure url, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Journal article – electronic with URL
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Kennedy, G, Judd, T, Churchward, A, Gray, K & Krause, K 2008, 'First year students' experiences with technology: are they really digital natives?', Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 108-122, viewed 29 September 2008, <http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy.html>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be proceeded by p. or pp.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue number, pp. page range.
Example
Leonard, V & LeBrasseur, R 2008, 'Individual assignments and academic dishonesty: exploring the conundrum', The Australian Educational Researcher, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 37-56.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Generally, journal citations do not include place of publication. However, if two or more different journals exist with the same or similar name note the place of publication in parentheses after the journal title.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Journal article – electronic from a database
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, vol. volume number, no. issue no, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, via Database title.
Example
Buckridge, M & Guest, R 2007, 'A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms', Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133-146, viewed 16 September 2008, via ERIC database.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- In the reference list the page numbers of articles must be proceeded by p. or pp.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Newspaper article – electronic
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title: subtitle of article’, Title of newspaper, Date month of publication, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Milman, O 2014, 'Sheep cruelty video sparks RSPCA investigation: animal rights group releases covertly filmed video it says shows abuse in shearing sheds across three states in Australia', The Guardian, 11 July, viewed 28 October 2019, <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/sheep-cruelty-video-sparks-rspca-investigation>.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Magazine title, date month of publication, pp. page range.
Example
Healy, G 2008, 'Bradley received a cautious thumbs up', The Australian, 18 June, p. 21.
Notes
- If the authorship is not obvious, provide all details in the in-text citation. There is no need for a reference list entry in this case.
- Example
- ...was stated in the Sydney Morning Herald (24 January 2000, p.12).
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Report, thesis, conference
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, Place published.
Examples
Queensland Health 2015, The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability, Queensland Government, viewed 14 October 2019, <https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf>.
Queensland Health 2018, Review of mental health services following Moorooka incident, Queensland Government, Brisbane.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Name Year, Title: subtitle of report, Report number, Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Name Year, Title: subtitle of report, Report number (if available), Publisher, Place of publication.
Examples
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, Child protection Australia 2008-09, Cat. no. CWS 35, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, viewed 01 November 2019, <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/child-protection/child-protection-australia-2008-09/contents/table-of-contents>.
Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training 2002, Striving for quality: learning, teaching and scholarship, DEST no. 6891.HERC02A, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Inital(s) Year, 'Title: subititle of paper', Title of published proceedings, Publisher, pp. page range, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of paper', Title of published proceedings (may include place held and date), Publisher, Place of Publication, pp. page number(s).
Examples
Marganic, MB 2010, 'Development visual literacy in digital environment', The 33rd International Convention MIPRO, IEEE, pp. 1096-1098, viewed 25 March 2019, <https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5533615>.
Lance, D 2001, 'Venture capital viewpoints and e-learning futures', Online learning in a borderless market: proceedings of a conference, Griffith University, Gold Coast, pp. 75-78.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Conference presentation (unpublished)
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of paper', paper presented at Name of conference, Place of conference, Date Month (of conference).
Example
Marganic, MB 2010, 'Development visual literacy in digital environment', paper presented at The 33rd International Convention MIPRO, Opatija, 24-28 May.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Use this citation if you attended a conference or before the paper is published.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title: subtitle of thesis', award (E.g PhD, Masters), Institution issuing degree, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title:subtitle of thesis', award (E.g PhD, Masters), Institution issuing degree, Institution location.
Examples
Bond, C 2000, 'The development of students' experiences of learning in higher education', PhD Thesis, Griffith University, viewed 16 September 2008, <https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/397f7076-0a86-ed5a-903b-dd603282c3bc/1/01front.pdf>.
Herbert, KA 1995, 'Parallel knowledge: farmers and scientists and land classification', BAppSC thesis, University of Canberra.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Video, audio, music, performance
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, format, Date and Month (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Date Month Year, Name of database or streaming service.
Example
Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, Feeding frenzy: the food industry, obesity and the creation of a health crisis, streaming video, Media Education Foundation, viewed 22 October 2014, Kanopy database.
Notes
- Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, format, Day and Month published (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Griffith University Libraries 2017, Referencing made easy, online video, 20 January, viewed 16 October 2019, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2QiqewK4yY>.
Notes
- Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray
Format
Title: subtitle, Year of production, format, Publisher (or Distributor), Place, any other useful information such as directed by, produced, starring FirstName LastName.
Example
Fahrenheit 9/11 2004, DVD, Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, Culver City, California. Written, produced and directed by Michael Moore.
Sunday too far away 1975, motion picture, South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide. Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd, Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg Lye and Max Cullen.
Notes
- Page numbers are required when using a direct quote, however this video recording example has no pagination. When directly quoting consider using time, minutes and seconds, for example: 6:45 mins.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, type of medium, Date Month (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Closing the gap in a generation 2008, podcast radio programme, 15 September, ABC Radio National, viewed 16 October 2019, <http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/>.
Notes
- In this example there are no notable authors and the title has been used in the authors position.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Image, table, data, statistics
Format
Electronic
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition (if applicable), Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, edition (if applicable), Publisher, Place published.
Examples
Biggs, J & Tang, C 2011, Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, 4th edn, Open University Press, viewed 2 December 2019, <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f96/f4a66767293cf2902652ac9eadfa8ef51f13.pdf>.
Biggs, J & Tang, C 2007, Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, 3rd edn, Open University Press, Berkshire.
In-text
Example
Figure 1: 'Student orientation, teaching method and level of engagement' (Biggs & Tang 2011, p. 6).
Notes
- The word Figure, Table or Image (with a capital letter)
- A number (from 1, in numerical order)
- A title for the figure or brief description of the work
- An in-text citation for the reference of the source (if not your own work), which includes the Author(s), date and page number for the source, i.e. (Biggs & Tang 2011, p. 6).
Any image used in an assignment requires a caption. If the image is not your own work it also requires an in-text citation to the original source.
A caption should include
Images, figures, tables or any artistic works should be cited as citing any other type of work.
- A BOOK, reference it as you would a book
- A JOURNAL, reference as you would a journal
- A WEB PAGE, reference it as you would a web page
If you got the image from
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title, catalogue number, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, cat. no. 8111.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 29 September 2019, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/E3E47927DC354473CA25772E001BD86D?opendocument>.
Notes
- For statistics found in a print book, remove viewed date and URL and add a place of publication.
Format Example
Organisation Year, Title, catalogue number, Publisher, Place published.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
With DOI
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Publisher, DOI:<XX.XXXX>.
With URL
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Examples
Woods, C, Fernee, C, Browne, M, Zakrzewski, S & Dickinson, A 2018, The potential of statistical shape modelling for geometric morphometric analysis of human teeth in archaeological research, Dataset, University of Southampton Institutional Repository, DOI:<10.5258/SOTON/404043>.
Fluker, M 2017, Fluker posts: community based environmental monitoring, Dataset, Fluker Post Research Project, viewed 12 June 2018, <http://www.flukerpost.com>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- There are three acceptable ways to add a DOI:
- separately, e.g. doi:10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a url, e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008
- as a secure url, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Website, social media, software
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year created or revised, Title of document or page, Name of the publisher, sponsor or host of the webpage, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
National Library of Australia 2010, About the National Library, National Library of Australia, viewed 30 March 2010, <http://www.nla.gov.au>.
Notes
- AGPS Harvard requires page numbers when using a direct quote. However, webpages of have no pagination. Paragraph numbers (para. #) can be used to indicate source of quote. The paragraph number is determined by counting from the top of the source document. Confirm with your course convener if use of paragraph numbers are allowed or required.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) OR Organisation Year, Title: subtitle, Publisher, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Griffith University 2016, Reconciliation action plan 2016 - 2018, Griffith University, viewed 25 November 2019, <https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/213042/Griffith-Reconciliation-Action-Plan.pdf>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- For a document located within a website, reference the same as you would for an electronic book with URL.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title: subtitle, Format, Date Month blog posted (if available), viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.
Example
Brogan, C 2008, 50 ways to take your blog to the next level, Blog post, 14 September, viewed 29 September 2019, <http://www.chrisbrogan.com/50-ways-to-take-your-blog-to-the-next-level/>.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Legal, standard, unpublished
Format
Title of the Act including Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation)
Examples
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth)
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld)
Notes
- Legislation (Acts and Bills) or legal authorities (Case) are included in a reference list only if it important to an understanding of the work. If so, set the list apart from the main body of the reference list and present it alphabetically under the appropriate subheading 'Legislation' or 'Legal authorities'.
- The names of Acts should be cited exactly - neither spelling nor capitalization should be altered.
- If the title of an Act begins with A, An or The, do NOT omit these.
- All elements of the formal titles of Acts and Ordinances should be italicized.
In-text
Example
The Commonwealth's A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation Tax) Act 1999 makes provision for ...
... A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation Tax) Act 1999 (Cwlth)
Notes
- Most Acts and Ordinances have a short formal title that can be used for citation purposes. First reference to an Act or Ordinance should always cite this short formal title, in italics, exactly and in full. In subsequent references this title can be shown in roman type and with the date omitted. E.g. the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974... the Environment Protection (impact of Proposals) Act ...
- There are two ways to clarify the jurisdiction, make it obvious in the text or place the information - abbreviated, in parentheses and in roman type - after the date.
Format
Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation)
Examples
Regulation of Genetic Material Bill 2000 (Cwlth)
Major Events Bill 2014 (Qld)
Notes
- Bills are cited in the same way as Acts, however, the Bill title and year should not be italicised.
In-text
Example
In the Commonwealth's Regulation of Genetics Material Bill 2000...
...in the Regulation of Genetics Material Bill 2000 (Cwlth)
Notes
- Most Acts and Ordinances have a short formal title that can be used for citation purposes. First reference to an Act or Ordinance should always cite this short formal title, in italics, exactly and in full. In subsequent references this title can be shown in roman type and with the date omitted. E.g. the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974... the Environment Protection (impact of Proposals) Act ...
- There are two ways to clarify the jurisdiction, make it obvious in the text or place the information - abbreviated, in parentheses and in roman type - after the date.
Format
First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) volume Abbreviated name of report series starting page
Example
Mabo v. Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186
Notes
- Legislation (Acts and Bills) or legal authorities (Case) are included in a reference list only if it important to an understanding of the work. If so, set the list apart from the main body of the reference list and present it alphabetically under the appropriate subheading 'Legislation' or 'Legal authorities'.
- When a specific page reference is necessary, the word 'at' is used. E.g. Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 at 181
- In a criminal case where the Crown is the prosecutor, R (standing for Rex or Regina) is used. E.g. R v. Haddock
- If the Crown is a respondent in a criminal appeal, the order of the citation is reversed, and The Queen is given in full. E.g. Haddock v. The Queen
In-text
Example
The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54...
Format
Electronic
Issuing body Year, Title: subtitle of standard, Number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body, viewed Day Month Year, <URL> or Database name.
Issuing body Year, Title: subtitle of standard, Number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body, Publisher of standard, Place of publication.
Examples
Standards Australia 2006, Tutoring code of practice, HB 201-2006, viewed 29 September 2014, <http://www.saiglobal.com/>.
Standards Australia International Limited 2004, Risk management, AS/NZS 4360:2004, Standards Australia International, Sydney.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, Title of patent, Number of patent and issuing country.
Example
Brault, AR, Chitayat, AK & Beeh, RCM 1969, Microcircuit art generating means, US Patent 3704946A.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Format
AuthorLastName, Initial(s) Year, 'Title: subtitle of lecture notes', Course code and Course Title, viewed Day Month, <URL>.
Example
Cheyne, N 2008, 'Week 9 lecture: intelligence', 1004CCJ Introduction to Human Behaviour, viewed 10 October, <https://learning.griffith.edu.au/@@11F0F4DC6CD3AFBB8C1CDC875741FF3D/courses/1/1004CCJ_3075_MG/content/_332905_1/intelligence%20>.
Notes
- The term 'Year' refers to the year of publication.
- Confirm with your course convener if referencing lecture notes or other course materials is required.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
(Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase
Bohm and Chaudhri (2000) discusses how teachers help students with their individual interpretation of understanding.
Quote
Teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material' (Fetherston 2007, p. 61)
Notes
- If there is no date, use n.d.
- Place a direct quote in single quotation marks.
- Include a page number when quoting directly. If no page numbers exist then include a paragraph number (para. #).
- Use p. for a single page number (author year p. 52) and pp. for a page range (author year pp. 16-20.)
| Author | Reference list | In-text citation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fetherston, T 2007, ... | (Fetherston 2007) |
| 2 | Bohm, A & Chaudhri, DP 2000, ... | (Bohm & Chaudhri 2000) |
| 3 | Geis, K, Jhally, S & Rideout, R 2013, ... | (Geis, Jhally & Rideout 2013) |
| 4+ | Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, ... | (Bell et al. 2002, p. 27) |
| No author | Closing the gap in a generation 2008, ... | (Closing the gap in a generation 2008) |
| Corporate | Cancer Council 2010, ... | (Cancer Council 2010, p.5) |
Notes
- Personal correspondence includes a face to face conversation or interview, a telephone call, a facsimile (fax), or a letter.
- It is important to obtain the permission of the person being referred to before use.
- The information is provided in the in-text reference only.
- No reference list entry is required.
In-text
Examples
When interviewed on 24th April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed ...
It was confirmed by S Savieri (24th April 1999, pers. comm.) that ...
Style rules
Format
In-text
Quote: ....Author (cited in Author Year, Page) OR (Author cited in Author Year, Page)
Paraphrase: .......Author (cited in Author Year) OR (Author, cited in Author Year)
Example
Gardner (cited in Biggs & Tang 2007, p. 82)...
...(Gardner, cited in Biggs & Tang 2007).
Note
- In your reference list at the end of your assignment you would only reference the Biggs & Tang article because that is where you sourced the information. Always refer to the source where you found the information, not the original source.
Multiple references in one citation
Rule
- List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.
Example
In-text
.......(Fetherston 2007; Sherren 2006).
In the case of multiple works by the same author, arrange citations of two or more works within the same brackets in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (i.e. earliest year first). Enter author's surname/s once, followed by the date for each subsequent work. E.g. ...(Ramsden 1992, 1994)
Multiple works by the same author
Rule
- Works by the same author are arranged by year of publication with the earliest year first.
Example
Reference list
Ramsden, P 1992, Learning to teach in higher education, Routledge, London. Ramsden, P 1994, Using research on student learning to enhance educational quality, Griffith Institute for Higher Education, Nathan, Qld.
Multiple works by the same author published in the same year
Rule
- References by the same author published in the same year are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The), using the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year.
Example
Reference list
Ramsden, P 1998a, Learning to lead in higher education, Routledge, London. Ramsden, P 1998b, What makes a university effective?, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld.
Can't find it?
Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.
Note that a number formats and examples have been amended for digital resources.
In-text citations
Acknowledge authors in your writing using the following formats:
- Paraphrase
- ...was concluded (Author Year).
- Author (Year) discusses how...
Example: Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston 2007).
- Quote
- Author (Year, Page) states that...
- ...(Author Year, Page)
Example: Fetherston (2007, p. 61) claims that teachers 'suggest ways of looking at the new material'.
Reference list
Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References".
In your reference list:
- order references alphabetically A-Z by surname of the first author of the work
- list works with no author under the first significant word of the title
- list multiple works by the same author from oldest to newest by date
- add a lower case letter immediately after the year for multiple works by the same author in the same year, for example (2000a, 2000b, 2000c).
References
Bell, M, Bush, D, Nicholson, P, O'Brien, D & Tran, T 2002, Universities online: a survey of online education and services in Australia, Department of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.
Bicchieri, C 1998, 'Decision and game theory', Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 3 December 2019, DOI:<10.4324/9780415249126-Q023-1>.
Brocke, JV & Rosemann, M (eds) 2015, Handbook on business process management 1, 2nd edn, Springer, Berlin.
Buckridge, M & Guest, R 2007, 'A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms', Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133-146, viewed 08 October 2019, DOI:<10.1080/07294360701310771>.
Cancer Council Western Australia 2008, The progress of tobacco control in Western Australia: achievements, challenges and hopes for the future, Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth.
Fetherston, T 2007, Becoming an effective teacher, Thomson Learning, South Melbourne.
Frid, C & Caswell, BA 2017, Marine pollution, Oxford University Press, viewed 18 October 2019, DOI:<10.1093/oso/9780198726289.001.0001>.
Griffith University Libraries 2017, Referencing made easy, online video, 20 January, viewed 16 October 2019, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2QiqewK4yY>.
Herbert, KA 1995, 'Parallel knowledge: farmers and scientists and land classification', BAppSC thesis, University of Canberra.
Kennedy, G, Judd, T, Churchward, A, Gray, K & Krause, K 2008, 'First year students' experiences with technology: are they really digital natives?', Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 108-122, viewed 29 September 2008, <http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy.html>.
Lance, D 2001, 'Venture capital viewpoints and e-learning futures', Online learning in a borderless market: proceedings of a conference, Griffith University, Gold Coast, pp. 75-78.
McMeekin, A, Green, K, Tomlinson, M & Walsh, V (eds) 2018, Innovation by demand: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of demand and its role in innovation, Manchester University Press, viewed 17 October 2019, <https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137449/9781526137449.xml>.
Milman, O 2014, 'Sheep cruelty video sparks RSPCA investigation: animal rights group releases covertly filmed video it says shows abuse in shearing sheds across three states in Australia', The Guardian, 11 July, viewed 28 October 2019, <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/sheep-cruelty-video-sparks-rspca-investigation>.
National Library of Australia 2010, About the National Library, National Library of Australia, viewed 30 March 2010, <http://www.nla.gov.au>.
Ramsden, P 1992, Learning to teach in higher education, Routledge, London.
Ramsden, P 1994, Using research on student learning to enhance educational quality, Griffith Institute for Higher Education, Nathan, Qld.
Ramsden, P 1998a, Learning to lead in higher education, Routledge, London.
Ramsden, P 1998b, What makes a university effective?, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld.
Sherren, K 2006, 'Pillars of society: the historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia', in W Filho & D Carpenter (eds), Sustainability in the Australasian university context, Peter Lang, Frankfurt, pp. 11-32.
Legislation
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth)
Official manual
Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.
Note that a number formats and examples have been amended for digital resources.
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Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. Users are directed to confirm specific referencing requirements with their course convenor and to consult the manual directly for more information.
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