Chicago 18
Notes and Bibliography referencing guide
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This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference, with examples to help you format your notes and bibliography. Can't find your example below? You can access an online copy of The Chicago Manual of Style via the Library catalogue.
Chicago 18 notes and bibliography is a numbered style. In-text citations are represented by superscript numerals like this1 and this,2 that correspond to numbered footnotes containing citation details, placed at the bottom of the page . All citations are then listed in the bibliography at the end of the assignment.
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Chicago 18 notes and bibliography examples
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Book
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page/s.
Example
1. Anna Simpson, The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring (Palgrave MacMillan Limited, 2017), 118-19, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
2. Simpson, Innovation-Friendly, 145.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastname, Firstname. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Simpson, Anna. The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring. Palgrave MacMillan Limited, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
Take note
- If there is no DOI, provide a stable URL or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
- If using a DOI use the format, https://doi.org/....
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle (Publisher, Year), page/s.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page/s.
Example
1. Chris Guest, Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016), 98.
2. Guest, Sharing the Water, 151.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastname, Firstname. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher Name, Year.
Example
Guest, Chris. Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016.
Take note
- If a publication date is not available the abbreviation n.d. replaces the year.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. ChapterAuthorFirstName LastName, "Chapter Title: Subtitle," in Book Title: Subtitle, ed. EditorFirstName LastName (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. ChapterAuthorLastName, "Shortened Chapter Title," page/s.
Example
1. Brianna L. Kennedy, "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction," in The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, ed. Uwe Flick (SAGE Publications, 2018), 2, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.
2. Kennedy, "Deduction," 5.
Bibliography list entry
Format
ChapterAuthorLastName, FirstName. "Chapter Title: Subtitle." In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by EditorFirstName LastName. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Kennedy, Brianna L. "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, edited by Uwe Flick. SAGE Publications, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.
Take note
- For a chapter from a print book follow this format but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- If a chapter has an individual DOI include that rather than the book's DOI.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. EditorFirstName LastName, ed., Book Title: Subtitle (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
or
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle, trans. TranslatorFirstName LastName (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. EditorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page/s.
or
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page/s.
Example
1. Jon Stewart, ed., A Companion to Kierkegaard (John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 45-46, ProQuest Ebook Central.
2. Stewart, Kierkegaard, 75.
3. Albert Camus, The Stranger, trans. Michael Ward (A. A. Knopf, 1988), 5.
4. Camus, The Stranger, 45.
Bibliography list entry
Format
EditorLastName, FirstName, ed. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
or
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title: Subtitle. Translated by TranslatorFirstName LastName. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Stewart, Jon, ed. A Companion to Kierkegaard. John Wiley & Sons, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Translated by Michael Ward. A. A. Knopf, 1988.
Take note
- If the editor and/or translator is also an author, the full name should be repeated for each role.
- Format a print book as above, but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- For additional examples of edited and translated books consult the manual.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle, Edition number ed. (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page/s.
Example
1. Andrew Hugill, The Digital Musician, 3rd ed. (Routledge, 2019), 183-84, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
2. Hugill, Digital Musician, 190.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition number ed. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Hugill, Andrew. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
Take note
- The edition number format should be 2nd ed. not 2nd ed.
- For other edition types use the publication series name—for example, rev. ed. (revised edition) or Asia-Pacific ed.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Article
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Article Title: Subtitle," Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Deborah Littlejohn, "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change," Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (2017): 39-41, https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.
2. Littlejohn, "Disciplining Graphic Design," 43-44.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title: Subtitle. "Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Littlejohn, Deborah. "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change." Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (2017): 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.
Take note
- If available, include the DOI —it is the preferred locator.
- It should be in this format, https://doi.org/....
- If the source displays it as DOI:10.1086/679716 append 10.1086/679716 to https://doi.org/ to create the persistent link https://doi.org/10.1086/679716
- If there is no DOI provide a stable URL, or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
- All titles should be in title case. That is, the first and all major words are capitalised. Don't capitalise the, a, an, and, but, for, or, and other prepositions unless used as the first word of the title.
- Article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks, journal titles are in italics.
- Include the full journal title. Exclude any leading The; for example use British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Article Title: Subtitle," Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Danielle Smith, "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling," Art and Australia 51, no. 4 (2014): 520.
2. Smith, "Mechanisms of Making," 521.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s.
Example
Smith, Danielle. "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling." Art and Australia 51, no. 4 (2014): 519-21.
Take note
- For page ranges above 101, shorten the second page number to only the digits that change—for example, use 519-21 not 519-521.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
This example cites an article (original source) that is quoted within a book (secondary source).
Format
First citation
1. OriginalAuthorFirstName LastName, "Original Source Title: Subtitle," Original Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s, quoted in SecondaryAuthorFirstName LastName, Secondary Source Title: Subtitle (Publisher, Year), page/s. DOI or URL or Database name if relevant.
Subsequent
2. OriginalAuthorLastName, "Shortened Original Source Title," page/s.
Example
1. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
2. Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification," 269.
Bibliography list entry
Only the secondary source is listed in the bibliography. For this example it follows a book format.
Format
SecondaryAuthorLastName, FirstName. Secondary Source Title: Subtitle. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name if relevant.
Example
Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Harvard University Press, 1981.
Take note
- Citing a source from a secondary source ("quoted in...") is discouraged. You are generally expected to have read all sources cited in your work. Read and cite the original work as much as possible.
- Include both the original and the secondary source in the note entry.
- Only list the secondary source in the bibliography.
- Format your citation as shown in the relevant source type, for example—electronic book, print book, journal article.
Journal article - advance online publication, ahead of print
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Article Title: Subtitle," Journal Title volume number, no. issue number, ahead of print, Month Day, Year, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title."
Example
1. Ryan Mullan et al., “An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctophidae),” Biological Bulletin, ahead of print, April 5, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1086/724803.
2. Mullan et al., "Investigation."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number, no. issue number, ahead of print, Month Day, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Mullan, Ryan, Alex D. Davis, Tracey T. Sutton, and Sönke Johnsen. “An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctophidae).” Biological Bulletin, ahead of print, April 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1086/724803.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Article Title," Newspaper Title, publication Month Day, Year, page/s if available, URL or Database name (if relevant).
Subsequent
2. LastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s if available.
Example
1. Rachel Riley, "How to Get Free Needle-Free Flu Vaccines for Kids," Courier Mail, February 6, 2026, NewsBank.
2. Riley, "Needle-Free Flu Vaccines."
Take note
- Newspaper articles are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
- Include the full newspaper title. Exclude any leading The, for example use Courier Mail instead of The Courier Mail.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Legal, government publication, thesis, conference
Report or government publication
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName or Organisation Name, Report Title, Document ID or Version number if any (Publisher, Year), page/s, URL.
Subsequent
2. Author or Organisation Name, Shortened Report Title, page/s.
Example
1. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2025), 9-10, https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/digital-platform-services-inquiry-final-report-march2025.pdf.
2. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Digital Platforms Inquiry, 208-14.
3. Australian Research Council, Open Access Policy, Version 2021.1 (Australian Research Council, 2021), https://www.arc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/Open%20Access%20Policy%20Version%202021.1.pdf.
4. Australian Research Council, Open Access Policy.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName or Organisational Name. Report Title. Document ID or Version number if any. Publisher, Year. URL.
Example
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2025. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/digital-platform-services-inquiry-final-report-march2025.pdf.
Australian Research Council. Open Access Policy. Version 2021.1. Australian Research Council, 2021. https://www.arc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/Open%20Access%20Policy%20Version%202021.1.pdf.
Take note
- Use this format for pamphlets, corporate reports, brochures, non-legislative or non-legal types of government-published documents.
- For legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes, and Parliamentary papers, we recommend using a legal citation system such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.
- Author can be a person, a group of persons (for example, a committee or named individuals), a government department or agency and may be the same entity as the publisher.
- If a publication from an organisation, association or corporation does not list an author, the organisation should be cited as the author, even when it is also the publisher.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
Case
1. A v B (Year) Volume Report Page.
or
1. A v B [Year] court abbreviation case number.
Act
1. Title Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint.
Examples
Case
1. Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216.
2. Salapo v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCA 67.
Act
1. Weapons Act 1990 (Qld) s 51(1).
Take note
- When citing legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes and parliamentary papers, the manual recommends using a legal citation style.
- The Australian Guide to Legal Citation, 4th ed. (AGLC4) is the standard for citing Australian legal sources. The examples shown are formatted in AGLC4.
- To format subsequent citations and a bibliography entry, consult the AGLC4 guide.
- A pinpoint refers to a specific page, paragraph, footnote or other section from which a reference is drawn.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Thesis Title" (Thesis type, University, Year), page/s, URL or Database name (ID number if provided).
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Thesis Title," page/s.
Example
1. Tristan D. Schultz, "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures" (PhD thesis, Griffith University, 2019), 31, http:hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
2. Schultz, "Decolonising Design," 31.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Thesis Title." Thesis type, University, Year. URL or Database name (ID number if provided).
Example
Schultz, Tristan D. "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures." PhD thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
Take note
- Shorten dissertation to diss. For example, Honours diss.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title: Subtitle," in Proceedings Title, ed. EditorFirstName LastName, (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title," page/s.
Example
1. Emilene Zitkus, "A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practices," in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design and Development Approaches and Methods, ed. Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis (Springer, 2017), 135, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.
2. Zitkus, "Interactive Technologies," 136.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title: Subtitle." In Proceedings Title, edited by EditorFirstName LastName. Publisher, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Zitkus, Emilene. "A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practice." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design and Development Approaches and Methods, edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis. Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.
Take note
- If the paper is included in published proceedings, follow the format of a book chapter.
- If the paper is published in a journal, follow the format of an article.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
TV, video, audio, performance, exhibition
Note entries
Format
Online
1. Series Title, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," contributor information, aired/released Month Day, Year, on Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name, URL.
2. Series Title, "Shortened Episode Title."
Physical
1. Series Title, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," contributor information, (original episode release Year; Distributor name, version release Year), Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray, VHS).
2. Series Title, "Shortened Episode Title."
Example
1. Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist, season 2, episode 6, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning,” created by Austin Winsberg, directed by Anya Adams, featuring Jane Levy and Skylar Astin, released February 9, 2021, on Netflix, https://www.netflix.com/au/title/81031347.
2. Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning.”
3. Game of Thrones, season 7, episode 2, “Stormborn,” written by Bryan Cogman, directed by Mark Mylod, (HBO, 2017), DVD.
4. Game of Thrones, “Stormborn.”
Bibliography list entry
Format
Online
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Additional contributor information. Aired/Released Month Day, Year, on Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name. URL.
Physical
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Additional contributor information. Original release Year; Distributor name, Version release Year. Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray, VHS).
Example
Winsberg, Austin, creator. Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist. Season 2, episode 6, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning.” Directed by Anya Adams, featuring Jane Levy and Skylar Astin. Released February 9, 2021, on Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/81031347.
Cogman, Bryan, writer. Game of Thrones. Season 7, episode 2, “Stormborn.” Directed by Mark Mylod. HBO, 2017. DVD.
Take note
- Major contributor designation can include, director (dir.), producer (prod.) or writer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (for example, edited by, written by).
- If you are referring to the original release version, the year is placed after the distributor element, for example (Distributor, original release Year).
- For online content, if no published or released date is available include an accessed date.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
Online
1. Film/Documentary Title, major contributors (Distributor name, release Year), on Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name, URL.
2. Shortened Film/Documentary Title.
Physical
1. Film/Documentary Title, major contributors (original release Year; Distributor name, version release Year), Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray, VHS).
2. Shortened Film/Documentary Title.
Example
1. A Star is Born, directed by Bradley Cooper, featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga (Warner Bros. Pictures, 2018), on Netflix, https://www.netflix.com/au/title/80221908.
2. A Star is Born.
3. Museum and Centennial Hall – Tokyo Institute of Technology, by Kazuo Shinohara, produced by D. Grass, released on October 15, 2018, OnArchitecture.
4. Museum and Centennial Hall.
5. Star Trek, written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, directed by J.J. Abrams, featuring Chris Pine and Zoë Saldana (2009; Paramount Pictures, 2011), Blu-ray Disc.
6. Star Trek.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Online
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Film/Documentary Title. Additional contributor information. Distributor name, release Year. Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name. URL.
Physical
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Film/Documentary Title. Additional contributor information. Original release Year; Distributor name, Version release Year. Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray, VHS).
Example
Cooper, Bradley, director. A Star is Born. Featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2018. Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/80221908.
Shinohara, Kazuo. Museum and Centennial Hall – Tokyo Institute of Technology. Produced by D. Grass, released on October 15, 2018, on OnArchitecture. https://www.onarchitecture.com/works/museum-and-centennial-hall-tokyo-institute-technology.
Orci, Roberto and Alex Kurtzman, writers. Star Trek. Directed by J.J. Abram, featuring Chris Pine and Zoë Saldana. 2009; Paramount Pictures, 2011. Blu-ray Disc.
Take note
- Major contributor designation can include, director (dir.), producer (prod.) or writer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (for example, edited by, written by).
- If you are referring to the original release version, the year is placed after the distributor element, for example (Distributor, original release Year).
- For online content, if no published or released date is available include an accessed date.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. CreatorFirstName LastName, "Video Title," short description of content, Additional contributor information, extra information, Month Day, Year, by channel, Duration, URL.
Subsequent
2. CreatorLastName, "Shortened Video Title."
Example
1. Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, posted April, 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.
2. Cowan, "Green Hydrogen."
3. Alex Kavutskiy, "Squirrel," short feature film on Vimeo, featuring Ted Tremper and Clay Tatum, posted July 24, 2019, by Alex Kavutskiy, 16 min., 29 sec., https://vimeo.com/349748860.
4. Kavutskiy, "Squirrel."
5. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici," short behind the scenes documentary of the portrait restoration process on YouTube, featuring Carnegie Museum of Art chief conservator Ellen Baxter, filmed in conjunction with the exhibition "Faked, Forgotten, Found: Five Renaissance Paintings Investigated," posted November 26, 2014, by Carnegie Museum of Art, 7 min., 18 sec., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
6. "Behind the Scenes."
Bibliography list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName. "Video Title." Short description of content. Additional contributor information. Posted Month Day, Year. Duration, URL.
Example
Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk. Posted April, 2022. 9 min., 15 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.
Kavutskiy, Alex. “Squirrel.” Short feature film on Vimeo. Featuring Ted Tremper and Clay Tatum. Posted July 24, 2019, by Alex Kavutskiy. 16 min., 29 sec. https://vimeo.com/349748860.
Baxter, Ellen. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici." Short behind the scenes documentary on YouTube. Posted November 26, 2014, by Carnegie Museum of Art. 7 min., 18 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
Take note
- Use this format for audio recordings on a website, including music and speeches.
- Contributor may be substituted for creator in bibliography.
- Extra information inclusions—add important information, including:
- content type (animation, movie trailer, interview, interactive quiz)
- filming date and location
- any other information that should be highlighted in the citation.
- Extra information in the full note entry can be omitted in the bibliography list entry—see the Behind the Scenes example.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
Audiobook
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Audiobook Title, narrated by FirstName LastName, (Publisher, Year), at time stamp.
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title.
Podcast
3. Podcast host FirstName LastName, host, Podcast Title, podcast, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," App name or Platform name or Website name, Month Day, Year, Duration, URL.
4. Podcast host LastName, "Shortened Episode Title."
Example
1. Scott Pape, The Barefoot Investor, rev ed., narrated by the author, (Audible Studios, 2022), 2 hr., 12 min.
2. Pape, Barefoot Investor.
3. Roman Mars, host, 99% Invisible, podcast, episode 649, "U is for Urbanism," Apple Podcasts, December 3, 2025, 38 min., https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/u-is-for-urbanism/id394775318?i=1000738175773.
4. Mars, "U is for Urbanism."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Audiobook
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Audiobook Title. Narrated by FirstName LastName. Publisher, Year. Duration.
Podcast
Host LastName, FirstName. Podcast Title. Episode number, "Episode Title." App name or Website name. Month Day, Year. Duration. URL.
Example
Pape, Scott. The Barefoot Investor. Rev ed. Narrated by the author. Audible, 2022. 7 hr., 7 min.
Mars, Roman. host. 99% Invisible. Episode 649, "U is for Urbanism." Apple Podcasts. December 3, 2025. 38 min. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/u-is-for-urbanism/id394775318?i=1000738175773
Take note
- If the narrator is also the author, include narrated by the author, see the Barefoot Investor example.
- For audiobooks, if a specific location is needed, add a time stamp to the notes entry in the format xx hr., xx min.
- In the bibliography, include the total duration, in the format xx hr., xx min., xx sec.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Audio recording - music or speeches
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. CreatorFirstName LastName, Recording Title, Additional contributors, Additional information, Record Company or Label or Producer (if relevant), Event or Performance release Month Day, Year, Recording medium or Streaming platform or File format.
Subsequent
2. CreatorLastName, "Shortened Recording Title."
Example
1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.
2. Strauss, Don Quixote.
3. Billie Eilish, “Bad Guy,” track 2 on When We Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Darkroom/Interscope Records, released March 29, 2019, Spotify.
4. Eilish, "Bad Guy."
5. Edward Duke of Windsor, "Abdication Speech," spoken by the Duke of Windsor following his abdication of the throne as King Edward VIII, 1936, 78 rpm, 12 in. 1 disc.
6. Edward Duke of Windsor, "Abdication Speech."
Bibliography list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName. Recording Title. Additional contributors. Record Company or Label or Producer. Recorded or release Month Day, Year. Recording medium or Streaming platform or File format.
Example
Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violincello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042. Released 1991. Compact disc.
Eilish, Billie. “Bad Guy.” Track 2, When We Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Darkroom/Interscope Records. Released March 29, 2019. Spotify.
Windsor, Edward Duke of. "Abdication Speech." Spoken by Edward Duke of Windsor. 1936. 78 rpm, 12 in., 1 disc.
Take note
- Use this for audio recordings on a physical format (for example, LP, CD, cassette tape) and for streaming content, such as from Spotify.
- Titles of operas, oratorios, tone poems and other long musical compositions should be in italics and follow title case capitalisation.
- Titles of speeches, lectures, songs and other shorter musical compositions are enclosed in double quotation marks.
- Include either the recording, released, copyright or published date provided.
- If an acquisition number is available, insert it immediately after the producer's name.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Performance Title, Contributor information, Venue Name, City, performance date in Month Day, Year.
Subsequent
2. Shortened Performance Title.
Example
1. Hamilton, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, dir. Thomas Kail, chor. Andy Blakenbuehler, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, July 3, 2017.
2. Hamilton.
Take note
- Live performances are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Review Article Title," review of Show or Performance Title, directed by FirstName LastName, Additional contributors (if relevant), network or studio or location and date of performance, Publication Title, Month Day, Year, URL or Database name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, review of Shortened Show or Performance Title.
Example
1. Doreen St. Félix, “How Many Generations of ‘Katrina Babies’ Are There?,” review of Katrina Babies, dir. Edward Buckles Jr., HBO Max, New Yorker, September 5, 2022, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/12/how-many-generations-of-katrina-babies-are-there-untold.
2. St. Félix, review of Katrina Babies.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Review Article Title." Review of Show or Performance Title, directed by FirstName LastName, Additional contributors (if relevant). Network or studio or location and date of performance. Publication Title, Month Day, Year. URL or Database name.
Example
St. Félix, Doreen. “How Many Generations of ‘Katrina Babies’ Are There?.” Review of Katrina Babies, dir. Edward Buckles Jr., HBO Max. New Yorker, September 5, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/12/how-many-generations-of-katrina-babies-are-there-untold.
Take note
- Include the director's name in addition to any author, producer, sponsor or performer (if relevant).
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Exhibition - catalogue or review
Note entries
Format
Catalogue
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Catalogue Title (Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI or URL or Database name.
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title, page/s.
Review
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Review Article Title," review of Exhibition Title, an art exhibition curated by Art Gallery/Museum Name, Publication Title, Month Day, Year, DOI or URL or Database name.
2. Author LastName, review of Shortened Exhibition Title.
Example
Catalogue
1. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australian Etchings & Engravings 1880s - 1930s: From the Gallery's Collection (Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2007), 3, https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.
2. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australian Etchings & Engravings, 8-9.
Review
1. Nico Wheadon, "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy," review of Radical Love, an exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery, Artnet News, July 31, 2019, https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.
2. Wheadon, "With 'Radical Love'."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Catalogue
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Catalogue Title. Publisher Name, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Review
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Review Article Title." Review of Exhibition Title, an art exhibition curated by Art Gallery/Museum Name. Publication Title, Month Day, Year. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Catalogue
Art Gallery of New South Wales. Australian Etchings & Engravings: From the Gallery's Collection. Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2007. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.
Review
Wheadon, Nico. "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy." Review of Radical Love, an exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery. Artnet News, July 31, 2019. https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.
Take note
- Exhibition catalogues are formatted like a book.
- In the notes, the abbreviation exh. cat. may be added after the title for clarity.
- If there is a corporate author this element goes first.
- If available, include the DOI—it is the preferred locator.
- If there is no DOI, provide a stable URL or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Illustration, table, works of art, maps
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle, (Publisher, Year), page, fig. or table number.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, page, fig. or table number.
Example
1. Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther, When Maps Become the World (University of Chicago Press, 2020), 76, table 3.1.
2. Winther, Maps, 228, fig. 8.3.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher, Year.
Example
Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt. When Maps Become the World. University of Chicago Press, 2020.
Take note
- Use this example to cite a work of art included as a numbered illustration in another publication.
- Format your citation as shown in the relevant source type, for example—electronic book, journal article, report.
- The abbreviation fig. may be used for figure only. The entire word should be included for table, map, plate, drawing and other illustration types.
- For information on captioning and crediting artwork, consult Chapter 3 of the manual.
Painting, photograph, works of art
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. ArtistFirstName LastName, Artwork Title or a description, Creation or CompletionYear, medium information, Location.
Subsequent
2. ArtistLastName, Shortened Artwork Title.
Example
1. Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, oil on canvas, 9½ × 13 in. (24.1 × 33 cm), Museum of Modern Art, New York, object no. 162.1934, https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.
2. Dali, Persistence of Memory.
3. Steve McCurry, Afghan Girl, December 1984, photograph, National Geographic, cover, June 1985.
4. McCurry, Afghan Girl.
5. Dorothea Lange, Black Maria, Oakland, 1957, printed 1965, gelatin silver print, 39.3 × 37 cm, Art Institute of Chicago, ref. no. 2013.1220, https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/220174.
6. Lange, Black Maria.
Take note
- Information about artworks is usually presented within the text. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
- An accession number may be included— if available—to help locate the item.
- If the artwork is consulted online, add a URL.
- For information on captioning and crediting artwork, consult Chapter 3 of the manual.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. CartographerFirstName LastName, cartographer, Map Title or description, Creation Year, scale, dimensions, in Publication Title (Publisher, Year) or Location information, fig. number, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. CartographerLastName, Shortened Map Title or description.
Example
1. Samuel de Champlain, cartographer, Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse, 1612, 43 × 76 cm, in The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance (University of Chicago Press, 2007), fig. 51.3.
2. de Champlain, Nouvelle Franse.
3. Norman B. Tindale, cartographer, Map Showing the Distribution of the Aboriginal Tribes of Australia, 1940, 1:6,336,000 scale, 64 x 76 cm, call number MAP G8961.E1 1940, National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230054338/view.
4. Tindale, Aboriginal Tribes.
5. Satellite view of Chicago, Google Maps, accessed May 5, 2024, https://www.google.com/maps/@41.7682665,-87.723154,114690m/data=!3m1!1e3.
6. Google Maps, Chicago.
Bibliography list entry
Format
LastName, FirstName, cartographer. Map Title or Description. Creation Year. scale, dimensions. In Publication Title. Publisher, Year or Location information. Fig. number. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
de Champlain, Samuel, cartographer. Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse. 1612. 43 × 76 cm. In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance. University of Chicago Press, 2007. Fig. 51.3.
Norman B. Tindale, cartographer. Map showing the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia. 1940. 1:6,336,000 scale, 64 x 76 cm, call number MAP G8961.E1 1940. National Library of Australia. http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230054338/view.
Google Maps. Satellite view of Chicago. Accessed May 5, 2024. https://www.google.com/maps/@41.7682665,-87.723154,114690m/data=!3m1!1e3.
Take note
- If the cartographer is unknown, the Map Title or description is the first element.
- If the map is within a larger publication, provide the Publication Title, Publisher, Year. If not, include where the map is located.
- Maps consulted online, without a publication or creation date, should include an accessed date.
- Maps are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
Web page, social media, software, AI
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. "Web page Title," Website Name, Owner or Publisher, published or last modified or accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. Owner or Publisher, "Shortened Web page Title."
Example
1. "Adding Data," Help Center, IMDb, accessed August 10, 2019, https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.
2. IMDb, "Adding Data."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Owner or Publisher. "Webpage Title." Website Name. Published or Last modified or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
IMDb. "Adding Data." Help Center. Accessed August 10, 2019. https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.
Take note
- Web pages are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
- If no publication date is available, use Updated or Last modified date. If not listed, include an accessed date.
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Author (username), "Social media Post Title or post entry text up to 280 characters," Platform, Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. Author, "Short Title."
Example
1. Goop (@Goop), "Ayurveda, which comes from the ancient Vedic texts, is a 5,000-year-old medical philosophy and practice, predicated on the idea that we are all made up of different types of energy.," X, December 12, 2019, https://x.com/goop/status/1204853566768177153.
2. Goop, "Ayurveda."
3. Pete Souza (@petesouza), "9/11 anniversaries from the past," series of seven Instagram photos, September 11, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/CiXjR5junw6.
4. Souza, "9/11 anniversaries."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Author (username). "Title of Post or Quote up to the first 160 characters of the post." Platform/Type of Post, Month Day, Year, time stamp if relevant. URL.
Example
BBC News (UK) (@BBCNews). "Greta Thunberg departs Plymouth, onboard the Malizia II, a solar-powered racing yacht, bound for a climate conference in New York." Twitter, August 14, 2019, 7:04 a.m. https://twitter.com/BBCNews/status/1161639849012559874.
Take note
- Posts or comments can often be cited in the text or notes. An entry is not usually included in a bibliography.
- Include the post author's real name if known, followed by username in parentheses. If not known, the username takes the place of author's name.
- When quoting a post, copy the capitalisation and punctuation in the original, including emojis. The quote can be mentioned in the text instead of in a note entry.
- If relevant, the platform name can be followed by a description (for example, photo, video).
- Include time stamp if relevant or to differentiate between multiple posts published the same day.
- Content, such as direct messages and posts on private accounts are treated as personal communication.
Note entries
Format
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Blog Post Title," Blog Name (blog), Month Day, Year, URL.
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Blog Post Title."
Example
1. Jess Bunge, "6 Kitchen Trends that We Are Very Confident Will Be Big in 2026," Emily Henderson (blog), January 5, 2026, https://stylebyemilyhenderson.com/6-kitchen-trends-2026-we-are-confident-about.
2. Bunge, "Kitchen Trends."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Blog Post Title." Blog Name (blog). Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Bunge, Jess. "6 Kitchen Trends that We Are Very Confident Will Be Big in 2026." Emily Henderson (blog). January 5, 2026. https://stylebyemilyhenderson.com/6-kitchen-trends-2026-we-are-confident-about.
Take note
- Blog posts are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
- Include the posted, updated or revision date. If not available include an accessed date.
- A blog that is part of a larger publication—for example, The New Yorker—should include the parent publication title after the blog name.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Software/Game/App Name, for device/operating system/platform, version number, Developer, released Month Day, Year.
Subsequent
2. Shortened software/Game/App Name.
Example
1. Gran Turismo 7 for PlayStation 4 and 5, Polyphony Digital, Sony Interactive Entertainment, released March 4, 2022.
2. Gran Turismo 7.
3. SPSS for Windows, v. 31, IBM released June 10, 2025.
4. SPSS.
Take note
- Software, games or apps are normally cited within the text or in a note entry. If a bibliography entry is required, consult the manual.
Notes entries
Format
First citation
1. Text generated by Tool name version number, Publisher or Developer, Month Day, Year, URL.
or
1. Response to "Prompt details or summary," Tool name version number, Publisher or Developer, Month Day, Year.
Subsequent
2. Tool name, Month Day, Year.
or
2. Tool name, response to "Shortened prompt."
Example
1. Text generated by ChatGPT-3.5, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/share/90b8137d-ff1c-4c0c-b123-2868623c4ae2.
or
1. Response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” ChatGPT-3.5, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, edited for style and accuracy.
2. ChatGPT, March 7, 2023.
or
2. ChatGPT, response to "How to make pizza dough."
Notes
- Check if your course or assessment permits the use of generative AI tools.
- Make it clear how the AI tool was used. Details can be provided within the text or in a note entry.
- If the prompt is not included within the text, it can be added to a note entry. Multiple prompts can be summarised.
- If the text has been edited or adapted acknowledge this in the text or note.
- Only include a URL that is publicly available.
- An entry in the bibliography is not required.
In-text and notes
For more examples and guidance on formatting note entries, refer to the manual.
In-text examples
- Guest states that .....interests and national priorities.1
- ......"direct quote from a source."2
- Layering flat materials can .... of visual contradiction.3
- Acknowledge authors in your writing using consecutive superscript reference numbers. These numbers correspond to the notes reference numbers.
- Insert only one reference number in a sentence, like this.2 Do not insert multiple reference numbers.
- Place the superscript number after any punctuation mark, except for the dash which it precedes.
Notes examples
1. Chris Guest, Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics (Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016), 98.
2. Linda Puppe, Helen Jossberger, and Hans Gruber, “Learning Environments and the Role of Feedback in Sculpting Lessons," Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 21, no. 1 (2022): 85-98, https://doi.org/10.1386/adch_00048_1.
3. Paul Jackson, Cut and Fold Paper Textures (Laurence King, 2017), 36; Jason Franz, "Magic Wand: The Power of the Ballpoint Pen," Drawing 14, no. 54 (Summer 2017), Art & Architecture Complete.
- Provide a full note entry the first time a source is cited, then use the shortened form for subsequent notes.
- For subsequent notes, include the author's last name and the key word or words from the main title, shortened if more than four words.
- In the note entry separate citation elements with commas.
- Order citations in the same order that they are mentioned in the sentence.
- Group multiple sources to support a point in a single footnote, separating each one with a semi-colon.
Block quote examples
- Gullifer and Tyson's findings clearly indicate,
how important it is for institutions ... ... is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants.4
- Block quotes are recommended for a hundred words or more and quoted material of more than a paragraph, even if very brief.
- Block quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks. Always start on a new line and indent or set in smaller font type than the text.
- The note reference number is placed after the punctuation mark at the end of the quote.
Bibliography
Place the list at the end of your assignment on a new page with the heading Bibliography. Check your assessment requirements when formatting your list, often it will suggest 1.5 or double line spacing.
In your bibliography:
- arrange all sources alphabetically by the lead author's last name
- invert only the lead author's name for sources with multiple authors. For example, LastName, FirstName MiddleInitial. Additional authors’ names are listed as FirstName MiddleInitial LastName
- all entries should be formatted with a hanging indent
- place a full stop at the end of each entry even if the last element is a URL or DOI.
Bibliography
Australian Research Council. Open Access Policy. Version 2021.1. Australian Research Council, 2021. https://www.arc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/Open%20Access%20Policy%20Version%202021.1.pdf.
Baxter, Ellen. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici." Short behind the scenes documentary on YouTube. Posted November 26, 2014, by Carnegie Museum of Art. 7 min., 18 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.
Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.
Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.
Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.
Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.
Schultz, Tristan D. "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures." PhD thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
Winsberg, Austin, creator. Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist. Season 2, episode 6, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning.” Directed by Anya Adams, featuring Jane Levy and Skylar Astin. Released February 9, 2021, on Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/81031347.
Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.
More examples
View the Chicago 18 notes and bibliography guide to see citation examples for a variety of common source types.
Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.
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