Chicago 18
Author-Date referencing guide
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This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference, with examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list. Can't find your example below? You can access an online copy of The Chicago Manual of Style via the Library catalogue.
This is an author-date style numbered style, meaning in-text citations (author year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.
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Chicago 18 author date examples
How to format authors for notes and the bibliography
| Number of authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| No author |
| Book Title,.. |
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title,... |
| 2 |
| Invert only the lead author's name. Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title,... |
| 3 - 6 |
| List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article title." Journal Title... |
| 7+ |
| List the first 3 authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. "Article title." Journal Title.... |
Book
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
AuthorLastName (Year, page) stated that.....
Example
(Simpson 2017, 23)
Simpson (2017, 34) states .....
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Simpson, Anna. 2017. The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring. Palgrave MacMillan Limited. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
Borel, Brooke. 2023. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. EBSCOhost.
Take note
- If there is no DOI, provide a stable URL or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
- If using a DOI use the format, https://doi.org/....
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
AuthorLastName (Year, page) argues....
Example
(Guest 2016, 98)
According to Guest (2016, 98) .....
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example
Guest, Chris. 2016. Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics. Murray-Darling Basin Authority.
Take note
- If a publication date is not available the abbreviation n.d. replaces the year.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Kennedy 2018, 19)
Reference list entry
Format
ChapterAuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Chapter Title: Subtitle.” In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by EditorFirstName LastName. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Kennedy, Brianna L. 2018. "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, edited by Uwe Flick. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.n4.
Sherren, Kate. 2006. "Pillars of Society: The Historical Context for Sustainability and Higher Education in Australia." In Sustainability in the Australasian University Context, edited by Walter Leal Filho and David Carpenter. Peter Lang.
Take note
- For a chapter from a print book follow this format but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- If a chapter has an individual DOI include that rather than the book's DOI.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Stewart 2015, 75)
(Camus 1988, 1)
Reference list entry
Format
EditorLastName, FirstName, ed. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
or
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Translated by FirstName Last Name. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Stewart, Jon, ed. 2015. A Companion to Kierkegaard. John Wiley & Sons. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Camus, Albert. 1988. The Stranger. Translated by Michael Ward. A. A. Knopf.
Take note
- Format a print book as above, but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- If the editor and/or translator is also an author, the full name should be repeated for each role.
- For additional examples of edited and translated books consult the manual.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
AuthorLastName (Year, page) discusses ...
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
Hugill (2019, 183) discusses ......
(Hugill 2019, 183)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition number ed. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Hugill, Andrew. 2019. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
Take note
- The edition number format should be 2nd ed. not 2nd ed.
- Format a print book as above, but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- For other edition types use the publication series name—for example, rev. ed. (revised edition) or Asia-Pacific ed.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
Journal, newspaper article
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Riedener and Schwind 2022, 640)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title volume number (issue number): page/s. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Riedener, Stefan, and Philipp Schwind. 2022. “The Point of Promises.” Ethics 132 (3): 621–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/718080.
Take note
- If available, include the DOI —it is the preferred locator.
- It should be in this format, https://doi.org/....
- If the source displays it as DOI:10.1086/679716 append 10.1086/679716 to https://doi.org/ to create the persistent link https://doi.org/10.1086/679716
- If there is no DOI provide a stable URL, or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
- All titles should be in title case. That is, the first and all major words are capitalised. Don't capitalise the, a, an, and, but, for, or, and other prepositions unless used as the first word of the title.
- Article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks, journal titles are in italics.
- Include the full journal title. Exclude any leading The; for example use British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics.
- For additional article examples, consult the manual.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Smith 2014, 520)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title volume number (issue number): page/s.
Example
Smith, Danielle. 2014. "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling." Art and Australia 51 (4): 519-21.
Take note
- For page ranges above 101, shorten the second page number to only the digits that change—for example, use 519-21 not 519-521.
- For additional article examples, consult the manual.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
List the original author and date in the in-text citation. This example cites an article (original source) that is quoted within a book (secondary source).
Format
OriginalAuthor ... (quoted in SecondaryAuthorLastName Year) ...
Example
In Louis Zukofsky’s “Sincerity and Objectification,” from the February 1931 issue of Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981) ...
Reference list entry
Only the secondary source is listed in the reference list. For this example it follows a book format.
Format
SecondaryAuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Secondary Source Title: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Harvard University Press.
Take note
- Citing a source from a secondary source ("quoted in...") is discouraged. You are generally expected to have read all sources cited in your work. Read and cite the original work as much as possible.
- Only list the secondary source in the reference list.
- Format your citation as shown in the relevant source type, for example—electronic book, print book, journal article.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
Journal article - advance online publication, ahead of print
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
Example
(Mullan et al. 2023)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title, ahead of print, Month Day. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Mullan, Ryan, Alex D. Davis, Tracey T. Sutton, and Sönke Johnsen. 2023. “An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctophidae).” Biological Bulletin, ahead of print, April 5. https://doi.org/10.1086/724803.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
Example
(Riley 2026)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title, Publication Month, Day. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Riley, Rachel. 2026. "How to Get Free Needle-Free Flu Vaccines for Kids." Courier Mail, February 6. NewsBank.
Take note
- Format a print article as above, but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- Include the full newspaper title. Exclude any leading The, for example use Courier Mail instead of The Courier Mail.
- A specific page number may be included in the in-text citation, but is not required.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
Government publication, thesis, conference
Report or government publication
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(ACCC 2025, 208)
OR
(Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2025, 208)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName or Organisational Name. Year. Report Title. Document ID or version number if any. Publisher. URL.
Example
ACCC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). 2025. Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/digital-platform-services-inquiry-final-report-march2025.pdf.
OR
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. 2025. Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/digital-platform-services-inquiry-final-report-march2025.pdf.
Australian Research Council. 2021. Open Access Policy. Version 2021.1. Australian Research Council. https://www.arc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/Open%20Access%20Policy%20Version%202021.1.pdf.
Take note
- Use this format for pamphlets, corporate reports, brochures, non-legislative or non-legal types of government-published documents.
- For legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes, and Parliamentary papers, we recommend using a legal citation system such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.
- Author can be a person, a group of persons (for example, a committee or named individuals), a government department or agency and may be the same entity as the publisher.
- You can use the abbreviation for an organisational author within the text, but the corresponding reference list entry must be alphabetised under that abbreviation.
- If a publication from an organisation, association or corporation does not list an author, the organisation should be cited as the author, even when it is also the publisher.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Schultz 2019, 31)
Reference list entry
Format
LastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Thesis.” Thesis type, University. URL or Database name (ID number if provided).
Example
Schultz, Tristan D. 2019. "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures." PhD thesis, Griffith University. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
Take note
- For a print thesis follow this format but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year, page)
Example
(Zitkus 2017, 133)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Title: Subtitle.” In Proceedings Title, edited by EditorFirstName LastName. Publisher. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Zitkus, Emilene. 2017. "A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practice." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Development Approaches and Methods, edited by M. Antona and C. Stephanidis. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.
Take note
- For a paper from a print proceedings follow this format but omit the DOI, URL or database name.
- If the paper is included in a:
- published proceedings, follow the format of a book chapter. The page range is not required in the reference list entry.
- journal, follow the format of an article. Include the page range for the reference list entry.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
TV, video, audio, performance, exhibition
In-text
Format
(MajorContributorLastName Year)
or
(Series Title Year)
Example
(Cogman 2017)
or
(Game of Thrones 2017)
Reference list entry
Format
Online
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release year. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Additional contributor information. Aired/Released Month Day, on Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name. URL.
Physical
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release Year. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Additional contributor information. Version release Year; Distributor name, Version release Year. Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, VHS).
Example
Cogman, Bryan, writer. 2017 Game of Thrones. Season 7, episode 2, “Stormborn.” Directed by Mark Mylod. HBO. DVD.
Winsberg, Austin, creator. 2021 Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist. Season 2, episode 6, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning.” Directed by Anya Adams, featuring Jane Levy and Skylar Astin. Released February 9, on Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/81031347.
Take note
- Major contributor designation can include, director (dir.), producer (prod.) or writer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (for example, edited by, written by).
- For online content, if no published or released date is available include an accessed date.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(MajorContributorLastName Year)
or
(Film Title Year)
Example
(Cooper 2018)
or
(A Star is Born 2018)
Reference list entry
Format
Online
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release Year. Film/Documentary Title. Additional contributor information. Distributor name. Broadcast station or Streaming platform or Database name. URL.
Physical
MajorContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release Year. Film/Documentary Title. Additional contributor information. Distributor name. Version release Year. Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, VHS).
Example
Cooper, Bradley, director. 2018. A Star is Born. Featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga. Warner Bros. Pictures. Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/80221908.
Orci, Roberto and Alex Kurtzman, writers. 2009. Star Trek. Directed by J.J. Abram, featuring Chris Pine and Zoë Saldana. Paramount Pictures. 2011. Blu-ray Disc.
Shinohara, Kazuo. 2018. Museum and Centennial Hall – Tokyo Institute of Technology. Produced by D. Grass. Released October 15, on OnArchitecture. https://www.onarchitecture.com/works/museum-and-centennial-hall-tokyo-institute-technology.
Take note
- Major contributor designation can include, director (dir.), producer (prod.) or writer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (for example, edited by, written by).
- For online content, if no published or released date is available include an accessed date.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
In-text
Format
(CreatorLastName Year)
Example
(Cowan 2022)
Reference list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Video Title." Short description of content. Additional contributor information. Posted Month Day, Year, by Poster. Duration. URL.
Example
Kavutskiy, Alex. 2019. “Squirrel.” Short feature film on Vimeo. Featuring Ted Tremper and Clay Tatum. Posted July 24, 2019, by Alex Kavutskiy. 16 min., 29 sec. https://vimeo.com/349748860.
Oliver, Eric. 2022. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.
Take note
- Use this format for audio recordings on a website, including music and speeches.
- Contributor may be substituted for creator in bibliography.
- Extra information inclusions—add important information, including:
- content type (animation, movie trailer, interview, interactive quiz)
- filming date and location
- any other information that should be highlighted in the citation.
- If the duration of the video is longer than one hour, use the format hh:mm:ss.
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
or
(HostLastName Year)
Example
(Scott 2022)
Reference list entry
Format
Audiobook
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Audiobook Title. Narrated by FirstName LastName. Publisher. Duration.
Podcast
HostLastName, FirstName. Year. Podcast Title. Season number (if relevant), Episode number, "Episode Title." App name or Website name. Month Day. URL.
Example
Pape, Scott. 2022. The Barefoot Investor. Rev. ed. Narrated by the author. Audible. 7 hr., 7 min.
Ober, Lauren, host. 2022. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.
Take note
- If the narrator is also the author, include narrated by the author, see the Barefoot Investor example.
- For audiobooks, if a specific location is needed, add a time stamp to the reference list entry in the format xx hr., xx min.
- In the reference list entry, include the audiobook's total duration, in the format xx hr., xx min.
Audio recording - music or speeches
In-text
Format
(CreatorLastName Year)
Example
(Strauss 1940)
Reference list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName. Year. Recording Title. Additional contributors. Record Company or Label or Producer. Recorded or release Month Day. Recording medium type (for example, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, Compact disc) or Streaming platform or File format.
Example
Strauss, Richard. 1940. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violincello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24. Biddulph LAB 042. Released 1991. Compact disc.
Eilish, Billie. 2019. “Bad Guy.” Track 2, When We Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Darkroom/Interscope Records. Released March 29. Spotify.
Auden, W. H. 1991. Selected Poems. Read by the author. Spoken Arts 7137. Audiocassette.
Take note
- Use this for audio recordings on a physical format (for example, LP, CD, cassette tape) and for streaming content, such as from Spotify.
- Titles of operas, oratorios, tone poems and other long musical compositions should be in italics and follow title case capitalisation.
- Titles of speeches, lectures, songs and other shorter musical compositions are enclosed in double quotation marks.
- Include either the recording, released, copyright or published date provided.
- If an acquisition number is available, insert it immediately after the producer's name.
In-text
Format
Include as much information as needed to identify the performance.
For example: In the Performance Title by Contributor Information at Venue Name, City, performance date in Month Day, Year.....
Example
In the show Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda at the Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York on September 5, 2019, ...
Take note
- Live performances are normally cited within the text only.
- Include details such as the name of performance, creators/directors/performers of the work, place, date and other relevant information.
- If a reference list entry is required, consult the manual.
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
Example
(St. Félix 2022)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Review Article Title." Review of Show or Performance Title, directed by FirstName LastName, Additional contributors (if relevant). Network or studio or location and date of performance. Publication Title, Month Day. URL or Database name.
Example
St. Félix, Doreen. 2022. “How Many Generations of ‘Katrina Babies’ Are There?.” Review of Katrina Babies, dir. Edward Buckles Jr., HBO Max. New Yorker, September 5. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/12/how-many-generations-of-katrina-babies-are-there-untold.
Take note
- Include the director's name in addition to any author, producer, sponsor or performer (if relevant).
Exhibition - catalogue or review
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
Example
(Art Gallery of New South Wales 2007)
Reference list entry
Format
Catalogue
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Catalogue Title. Publisher Name. DOI or URL or Database name.
Review
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Review Article Title." Review of Exhibition Title, an art exhibition curated by Art Gallery/Museum Name. Publication Title, Month Day. DOI or URL or Database name.
Example
Catalogue
Art Gallery of New South Wales. 2007. Australian Etchings & Engravings: From the Gallery's Collection. Art Gallery of New South Wales. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.
Review
Wheadon, Nico. 2019. "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy." Review of Radical Love, an exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery. Artnet News, July 31. https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.
Take note
- Exhibition catalogues are formatted like a book.
- In the notes, the abbreviation exh. cat. may be added after the title for clarity.
- If there is a corporate author this element goes first.
- If available, include the DOI—it is the preferred locator.
- If there is no DOI, provide a stable URL or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
How to format authors
| Number of authors | In-text citation | Reference list |
|---|---|---|
| No author | (Title 2020, 25) | Title. Year.... |
| 1 | (Yu 2020, 95) | Yu, Charles. 2020.Title ... |
| 2 | (Sterling and Joffe-Block 2021, 110) | Invert only the lead author's name. Sterling, Terry Greene, and Jude Joffe-Block. 2021.Title ... |
| 3 - 6 | (Aubrecht et al. 2020, 44) | List all the authors. Invert only the lead author's name. Aubrecht, Katie, Christine Kelly, and Carla Rice, eds. 2020.Title ... |
| 7+ | (Home et al. 2019, 192) | List the first three authors followed by et al. Invert only the lead author's name. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer et al. 2019.Title ... |
Illustration, table, works of art, maps
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName page, fig. or table number)
Example
(Winther 2020, 76, table 3.1).
(Winther 2020, 228, fig. 8.3).
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Example
Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt. 2020. When Maps Become the World. University of Chicago Press.
Take note
- Use this example to cite a work of art included as a numbered illustration in another publication.
- Format your citation as shown in the relevant source type, for example—electronic book, journal article, report.
- The abbreviation fig. may be used for figure only. The entire word should be included for table, map, plate, drawing and other illustration types.
- For information on captioning and crediting artwork, consult Chapter 3 of the manual.
Painting, photograph, works of art
In-text
Format
(ArtistLastName Year)
Example
(Dali 1931)
Reference list entry
Format
ArtistLastName, FirstName. Creation or Completion Year. Artwork Title or a description. Medium information, Location.
Example
Dalí, Salvador. 1931. The Persistence of Memory. Oil on canvas, 9½ × 13″ (24.1 × 33 cm). Museum of Modern Art, New York. http://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.
Take note
- Information about artworks is usually presented within the text rather than a reference list entry.
- An accession number may be included— if available—to help locate the item.
- If the artwork is consulted online, add a URL.
- For information on captioning and crediting artwork, consult Chapter 3 of the manual.
In-text
Format
(CartographerLastName Year)
Example
(de Champlain 2007)
Reference list entry
Format
CartographerLastName, FirstName, cartographer. CreationYear. Map Title or Description. Scale, dimensions. Publication details or Location. URL.
Example
de Champlain, Samuel, cartographer. (1612) 2007. Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse. 43 × 76 cm. In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance. University of Chicago Press.
Take note
- Maps are normally cited within the text and may not require a reference list entry.
- If the cartographer is unknown, the Map Title or a description is the first element.
- Maps consulted online, without a publication or creation date, should include an accessed date.
- If the map is within a larger publication, provide the Year, Publication Title and Publisher.
Web page, social media, software, AI
In-text
Format
It is often sufficient to describe web pages and other website content within the text.
(Owner or Publisher Year)
Example
As of November 15, 2023 Google's privacy policy states.....
(Wikimedia Foundation 2023)
Reference list entry
Format
Owner or Publisher. Year. “Web page Title.” Website Name. Published or last modified or accessed Month Day. URL.
Example
Google. 2023. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2023. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.
Take note
- Web pages are normally cited within the text. If a reference list entry is required, refer to above examples or consult the manual.
- If no publication date is available, use Updated or Last modified date. If not listed, include an accessed date:
- If using an accessed date, include n.d. in place of publication date both in the in-text citation and reference list entry.
In-text
Format
(AuthorLastName Year)
Example
(Germano 2017)
Reference list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Blog Post Title." Blog Name (blog). Month Day. URL.
Example
Germano, William. 2017. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog). Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15. https://www-chronicle-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.
Bunge, Jess. 2026. "6 Kitchen Trends that We Are Very Confident Will Be Big in 2026." Emily Henderson (blog). January 5. https://stylebyemilyhenderson.com/6-kitchen-trends-2026-we-are-confident-about.
Take note
- Blog posts are cited within the text and a reference list entry is not normally required. Consult the manual for additional information.
- Include the posted, updated or revision date. If not available, include an accessed date.
- A blog that is part of a larger publication—for example, The New Yorker—should include the parent publication title after the blog name.
In-text
Format
(DeveloperLastName Year)
Example
(Polyphony Digital 2022)
Reference list entry
Format
DeveloperName. Year. Software/App Name. Version number. Publisher. Additional information relevant to context of citation.
Example
Polyphony Digital. 2022. Gran Turismo 7. PlayStation 4 and 5. Sony Interactive Entertainment.
Take note
- Software, games or apps are can be cited within the text and don't normally require a reference list entry.
- Include a version number and release date. If applicable, include the platform and required operating system.
- For more examples, consult the manual.
In-text
Format
(Author Year)
Example
(NASA Webb Telescope 2022)
Reference list entry
Format
Author (username). Year. "Social media Post Title or Post entry text up to 280 characters," Platform, Month Day. URL.
Example
NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb). 2022. “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!).” Twitter (now X), July 11. https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.
Take note
- Posts or comments can often be cited in the text. An entry is not usually included in a reference list.
- Include the post author's real name if known, followed by username in parentheses. If not known, the username takes the place of author's name.
- When quoting a post, copy the capitalisation and punctuation in the original, including emojis. The quote can be mentioned in the text instead of in a note entry.
- If relevant, the platform name can be followed by a description (for example, photo, video).
- Include time stamp if relevant or to differentiate between multiple posts published the same day.
- Content, such as direct messages and posts on private accounts are treated as personal communication.
In-text
Format
(Software, description (if needed), Month Day, Year)
Example
(ChatGPT, March 7, 2023)
The following recipe for pizza dough was generated on December 9, 2023, by ChatGPT-3.5.
(ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” March 7, 2023)
Take note
- Check if your course or assessment permits the use of generative AI tools.
- Make it clear how the AI tool was used. Details can be provided within the text.
- Multiple prompts can be summarised.
- If the text has been edited or adapted, acknowledge this.
- A reference list entry is generally not required, consult the manual if required.
In-text citations
For more examples and guidance on formatting, refer to the manual.
In-text examples
- Guest (2016, 98) states that .....interests and national priorities.
- Layering flat materials can .... of visual contradiction (AuthorLastName Year, page).
- ......"direct quote from a source" (AuthorLastName Year, page).
- AuthorLastName (Year, page)......"direct quote from a source".
- Acknowledge authors within the text of your writing.
- Include a page number for direct quotes and paraphrased text.
- Use a semi-colon to separate each source when referring to two or more works in a citation.
Block quote examples
- Gullifer and Tyson's (2010, 478) findings clearly indicate,
how important it is for institutions ... ... is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants.
- Block quotes are recommended for a hundred words or more and quoted material of more than a paragraph, even if very brief.
- Block quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks. Always start on a new line and indent or set in smaller font type than the text.
Reference list
Place the list at the end of your assignment on a new page with the heading References. Check your assessment requirements when formatting your list, often it will suggest 1.5 or double line spacing.
In your list:
- arrange all sources alphabetically by the lead author's last name
- invert only the lead author's name for sources with multiple authors. For example, LastName, FirstName MiddleInitial. Additional authors’ names are listed as FirstName MiddleInitial LastName
- all entries should be formatted with a hanging indent
- separate each element of a reference with a full stop
- place a full stop at the end of each entry even if the last element is a URL or DOI.
References
Australian Research Council. 2021. Open Access Policy. Version 2021.1. Australian Research Council. https://www.arc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/Open%20Access%20Policy%20Version%202021.1.pdf.
Baxter, Ellen. 2014. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici." Short behind the scenes documentary on YouTube. Posted November 26, 2014, by Carnegie Museum of Art. 7 min., 18 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. 2022. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press.
Borel, Brooke. 2023. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. EBSCOhost.
Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. 2023. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202 (4): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.
Doyle, Kathleen. 2023. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press.
Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. 2022. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17 (2): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.
Google. 2023. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. 2023. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press.
Ober, Lauren, host. 2022. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.
Schultz, Tristan D. 2019. "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures." PhD thesis, Griffith University. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
Winsberg, Austin, creator. 2021. Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist. Season 2, episode 6, “Zoey’s Extraordinary Reckoning.” Directed by Anya Adams, featuring Jane Levy and Skylar Astin. Released February 9, on Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/au/title/81031347.
Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.
More examples
View the Chicago 18 author date guide to see citation examples for a variety of common source types.
Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.
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