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Verbs



Introduction

Basic Conjugation Styles

Japanese verbs are categorised in three groups according to their conjugation styles. They are 5(ご)だん どうし (u-verb) , 1(いち)だん どうし (ru-verb) and Irregular verbs.

5(ご)だん どうし (u-verb) roots change in FIVE basic forms as in the order of [a], [i], [u], [e], [o]. For example, a 5(ご)だんverb 「わかる (to understand)」 changes as わか、わか、わか、わか、わか. (See Verb Conjugation Table.)

1(いち)だん どうし (ru-verb) root does not change. Therefore they are used in ONE form. For example, an 1(いち)だん verb 「たべる (to eat)」 conjugates as たべ, たべ, たべ, たべ, たべ.

Irregular verbs, 「くる (to come)」 and 「する (to do)」 conjugate irregularly.
Among only two irregular verbs, する (to do) can be combined with nouns such as べんきょう (study) or しごと (work) to create their verb forms of べんきょうする (to study) and しごとする (to work). As a result, there is a large group of verbs, that are sometimes called "するverbs".

The best way to know which verb belongs to which conjugation category is to consult a Japanese dictionary. However, you can "guess" the verb's conjugation style from its negative root and dictionary form. See "Which conjugation group does this verb belong to?"




て-form and Plain past form


Plain past form originated as a combination of the Masu-form root and an auxiliary「た」, that gives the phrase a sense of "completion" and "past". て-form was a "verbal conjunction form" of 「た」.

Now, "て-form" and "plain past" are recognised as two separate forms of verbs.

Basic functions are:

In a sentence, て-form connects two or more verbs in a logical time line. This distinguishes it's way of use from 「〜たり〜」 which does not have a "time line".
あさ、おきて、シャワーを あびて、あさごはんを たべました。

= In the morning, I woke up, took a shower, and ate breakfast.
きのうは、ともだちと えいがを みて、しょくじを して、とても たのしかったです。
= Yesterday, I watched a movie, and had dinner with my friend, and it was very fun.

Plain past makes a plain sentence "past". Also, this form is required in particular sentence patterns.
にほんへ いったことが ありますか。
= Have you ever been to Japan?
くすりをのんだほうがいいですよ。
= you had better take medicine.


て-form of 5(ご)だん (u) verbs in the present Japanese verb system has experienced phonetic changes. わかりて turned into わかって, よみて turned into よんで, and so on. However 1(いち)だん (ru) verbs and Irregular verbs retain their original て-forms as Masu-form root + て. e.g. たべて, おきて, きて, and して.

Plain past form can be made simply by replacing て with た.

て-form of 5(ご)だん (u) verbs can take five variations of (〜って),(〜んで),(〜して),(〜いて)and (いで) depending upon the end of each verb's root form.




Verb Conjugation Table


5だん どうし (u-verb)

Negative root わか (ない)   (ない)
Masu-form root わか (ます)   (ます)
Dictionary/Plain form わか      
Conditional root わか (ば)   (ば)
Intentional root わか (う)   (う)
               
て-form わか  
Plain past form わか  


1だん どうし (ru-verb)

Negative root (ない)   (ない)
Masu-form root (ます)   (ます)
Dictionary/Plain form  
Conditional root れ(ば)   れ(ば)
Intentional root よ(う)   よ(う)
               
て-form  
Plain past form  


Irregular verbs

      (to come)     (to do)
             
Negative root   (ない)   (ない)
Masu-form root   (ます)   (ます)
Dictionary/Plain form    
Conditional root   れ(ば)   れ(ば)
Intentional root   よ(う)   よ(う)
             
て-form    
Plain past form    


Making て-form of 5(ご)だん どうし (u-verb)



For most 5(ご)だん どうし (or u-verbs), て-form ends in 「って」;
e.g. たちます→たって、かいます→かって、わかります→わかって.

However, some verbs take different forms such as -んで、-して、-いて、and -いで when masu-form root ends in に、み、び、し、き、and ぎ; e.g:


に、み、び → んで

ます
ます
あそます


んで
んで
あそんで

 → して

ます して

 → いて

ます いて

* exception
(いきます→いって)

 → いで

およます およいで

With similar tactics, you can make the て-form from the dictionary form of 5だん verbs. Just shift masu-form to the dictionary form in the verb conjugation table, then apply the same rule to make て-form. For example if the verb's dictionary form ends in 「ぬ、む、ぶ」, then 「んで」, 「す」, then 「して」, 「く」, then 「いて」, and 「ぐ」, then 「いで」.




Which conjugation group does this verb belong to?



The easiest way to know the verb's conjugation group is to refer to a dictionary. However, if you have no access to a dictionary, and are sure of one or two forms of the verb, the following tips will be useful to help you guess.

1 Check the verb's Dictionary/Plain form.

a) If the dictionary form DOES NOT end in 「る」, then the verb is 5 だん or u-verb.
b) If the dictionary form ends in the vowels [a], [u], or [o] +「る」, the verb is 5 だん or u-verb.
c) If the dictionary form ends in the vowels [i] or [e] +「る」, the verb is most likely 1 だん or ru-verb. (Some exceptions are unavoidable when you use this tip.)
e.g.

5 だん (u-verb) a) たつ、まつ、かく、いく、かう、のむ、etc.
b) わかる (wak-aる)、おくる (ok-uる)、とる (t-oる)
1 だん (ru-verb) c) みる (m-iる)、おきる (ok-iる)、ねる (n-eる)、たべる (tab-eる)

Exceptions in the tip (C)

Verbs such as, 「はいる (ha-iる) = to enter」, 「はしる (hash-iる) = to run」, 「ける (k-eる) = to kick」, 「すべる (sub-eる) = to slip」 are some of these exceptions. They are 5 だん verbs even though their dictionary forms ends in [i] or [e].


2 More certain way is to check the verb's Negative root.

If the verb's Negative root ends in vowel [i] or [e], the verb is definately an 1 だん or ru-verb.
e.g.  おきない(ok-i ない)、みない(m-i ない)、ねない(n-e ない)、たべない(tab-e ない)



Tense and Aspect

5 だん verb

FORMS STEM ROOT      
plain わか understand
plain past わか understood
polite わか ます understand (polite)
polite past わか まし understood (polite)
plain negative わか don't understand
plain negative past わか かっ didn't understand
polite negative わか ませ don't understand (polite)
polite negative past わか ませ でし didn't understand (polite)


1 だん verb

FORMS STEM ROOT      
plain eat
plain past ate
polite ます eat (polite)
polite past まし ate (polite)
plain negative don't eat
plain negative past かっ didn't eat
polite negative ませ don't eat (polite)
polite negative past ませ でし didn't eat (polite)


irregular verbs

FORMS STEM+ ROOT    
plain come
plain past came
polite ます come (polite)
polite past まし came (polite)
plain negative don't come
plain negative past かっ didn't come
polite negative ませ don't come (polite)
polite negative past ませ でし didn't come (polite)

FORMS STEM+ ROOT    
plain do
plain past did
polite ます do (polite)
polite past まし did (polite)
plain negative don't do
plain negative past かっ didn't do
polite negative ませ don't do (polite)
polite negative past ませ でし didn't do (polite)



Required Conjugation Forms in Sentence Patterns
(numbers in brackets indicate chapters in "Japanese For Everyone" from Gakken)

negative root 〜ない (2) 〜なければならない (23)
〜られる/〜れる (18)  〜せる/〜させる (26)   *potential form (traditional)
masu-form root 〜verbals (actions take place simultaneously)
〜ます (3)   〜ましょう (3)   〜たい (5)
〜ながら (8)   〜なさい (25)  
お〜になる (21)   お〜ください (21)
〜すぎる (12)   〜に行く (3)/〜に来くる
plain form (dictionary form) 〜nouns (8)   〜もの (8)   〜こと (8)  
〜ところ (8)   〜ひと (8)   〜とき (8)  
〜の(=こと、もの)
〜ことができる (18)
〜ことがある (sometimes it happens that 〜) (26)
〜よてい   〜つもり (7)  〜はず (12)
〜でしょう (7)  〜だろう (7)   〜かもしれない (7)
〜と言(い)う/思(おも)う (8)  
〜まで (7)   〜まえに (8)
〜と (always when 〜) (15)   〜なら (18)
〜し (12)   〜から (because 〜) (5)
conditional root 〜ば (20)   *potential form (colloquial)
intentional root 〜とする (20)   〜とおもう (20)
てform 〜verbals (actions take place in chronological sequence)
〜ください (1)   〜もらう (16)   〜あげる (16)
〜いる (4,9,10)  〜ある (11)  〜おく (36)  
〜しまう (10)
〜みる (13)   〜行く/来る (13,18)
〜もいい (17)  〜はいけない (13)  
〜から (after 〜) (7)
plain-past 〜nouns
〜ことがある(have an experience that 〜) (7)  
〜ほうがいい (4)
〜あとで (5)   〜ら (if〜, when〜) (12)
〜り (do A, or B, or C) (18)


Any comments on this page to Kaz Hagiwara (K.Hagiwara@griffith.edu.au)