Basic Conjugation Styles
Japanese verbs are categorised in three groups according to their
conjugation styles. They are 5(ご)だん
どうし (u-verb) , 1(いち)だん どうし (ru-verb)
and Irregular verbs.
5(ご)だん どうし (u-verb) roots change
in FIVE basic forms as in the order of [a],
[i], [u],
[e], [o].
For example, a 5(ご)だんverb 「わかる (to understand)」
changes as わから、わかり、わかる、わかれ、わかろ. (See Verb
Conjugation Table.)
1(いち)だん どうし (ru-verb) root does
not change. Therefore they are used in ONE form. For example,
an 1(いち)だん verb 「たべる (to eat)」 conjugates
as たべ, たべ, たべ, たべ, たべ.
Irregular verbs, 「くる (to come)」 and 「する
(to do)」 conjugate irregularly.
Among only two irregular verbs,
する (to do) can be combined with nouns such as べんきょう (study) or
しごと (work) to create their verb forms of べんきょうする (to study) and
しごとする (to work). As a result, there is a large group of verbs,
that are sometimes called "するverbs".
The best way to know which verb belongs to which conjugation category
is to consult a Japanese dictionary. However, you can "guess"
the verb's conjugation style from its negative root and dictionary
form. See "Which conjugation group
does this verb belong to?"
Plain past form originated as a combination of the Masu-form root and an auxiliary「た」, that gives the phrase a sense of "completion" and "past". て-form was a "verbal conjunction form" of 「た」.
Now, "て-form" and "plain past" are recognised
as two separate forms of verbs.
Basic functions are:
In a sentence, て-form connects two or more verbs in a logical time line. This distinguishes it's way of use from 「〜たり〜」 which does not have a "time line".
あさ、おきて、シャワーを あびて、あさごはんを たべました。
= In the morning, I woke up, took a shower, and ate breakfast.
きのうは、ともだちと えいがを みて、しょくじを して、とても たのしかったです。
= Yesterday, I watched a movie, and had dinner with my friend, and it was very fun.
Plain past makes a plain sentence "past". Also, this form is required in particular sentence patterns.
にほんへ いったことが ありますか。
= Have you ever been to Japan?
くすりをのんだほうがいいですよ。
= you had better take medicine.
て-form of 5(ご)だん (u) verbs in
the present Japanese verb system has experienced phonetic changes.
わかりて turned into わかって, よみて turned into よんで, and so on. However
1(いち)だん (ru) verbs and Irregular
verbs retain their original て-forms as Masu-form root + て. e.g.
たべて, おきて, きて, and して.
Plain past form can be made simply by replacing て with た.
て-form of 5(ご)だん (u) verbs can
take five variations of (〜って),(〜んで),(〜して),(〜いて)and (いで) depending
upon the end of each verb's root form.
Negative root わか ら (ない) の ま (ない) Masu-form root わか り (ます) の み (ます) Dictionary/Plain form わか る の む Conditional root わか れ (ば) の め (ば) Intentional root わか ろ (う) の も (う) て-form わか っ て の ん で Plain past form わか っ た の ん だ
Negative root た べ (ない) お き (ない) Masu-form root た べ (ます) お き (ます) Dictionary/Plain form た べ る お き る Conditional root た べ れ(ば) お き れ(ば) Intentional root た べ よ(う) お き よ(う) て-form た べ て お き て Plain past form た べ た お き た
(to come) (to do) Negative root こ (ない) し (ない) Masu-form root き (ます) し (ます) Dictionary/Plain form く る す る Conditional root く れ(ば) す れ(ば) Intentional root こ よ(う) し よ(う) て-form き て し て Plain past form き た し た
Making て-form of
5(ご)だん どうし (u-verb)
For most 5(ご)だん どうし (or u-verbs),
て-form ends in 「って」;
e.g. たちます→たって、かいます→かって、わかります→わかって.
However, some verbs take different forms such as -んで、-して、-いて、and
-いで when masu-form root ends in に、み、び、し、き、and ぎ; e.g:
|
に、み、び → んで |
しにます よみます あそびます |
→ → → |
しんで よんで あそんで |
|
|
し → して |
かします | → | かして | |
|
き → いて |
かきます | → | かいて |
* exception |
|
ぎ → いで |
およぎます | → | およいで |
With similar tactics, you can make the て-form from the dictionary form of 5だん verbs. Just shift masu-form to the dictionary form in the verb conjugation table, then apply the same rule to make て-form. For example if the verb's dictionary form ends in 「ぬ、む、ぶ」, then 「んで」, 「す」, then 「して」, 「く」, then 「いて」, and 「ぐ」, then 「いで」.
a) If the dictionary form DOES NOT end in 「る」, then the verb is 5 だん or u-verb.
b) If the dictionary form ends in the vowels [a], [u], or [o] +「る」, the verb is 5 だん or u-verb.
c) If the dictionary form ends in the vowels [i] or [e] +「る」, the verb is most likely 1 だん or ru-verb. (Some exceptions are unavoidable when you use this tip.)
e.g.
5 だん (u-verb) a) たつ、まつ、かく、いく、かう、のむ、etc. b) わかる (wak-aる)、おくる (ok-uる)、とる (t-oる) 1 だん (ru-verb) c) みる (m-iる)、おきる (ok-iる)、ねる (n-eる)、たべる (tab-eる) Verbs such as, 「はいる (ha-iる) = to enter」, 「はしる (hash-iる) = to run」, 「ける (k-eる) = to kick」, 「すべる (sub-eる) = to slip」 are some of these exceptions. They are 5 だん verbs even though their dictionary forms ends in [i] or [e].
2 More certain way is to check the verb's Negative root.
If the verb's Negative root ends in vowel [i] or [e], the verb is definately an 1 だん or ru-verb.
e.g. おきない(ok-i ない)、みない(m-i ない)、ねない(n-e ない)、たべない(tab-e ない)
| FORMS | STEM | ROOT | |||
| plain | わか | る | understand | ||
| plain past | わか | っ | た | understood | |
| polite | わか | り | ます | understand (polite) | |
| polite past | わか | り | ました | understood (polite) | |
| plain negative | わか | ら | な | い | don't understand |
| plain negative past | わか | ら | な | かった | didn't understand |
| polite negative | わか | り | ません | don't understand (polite) | |
| polite negative past | わか | り | ません | でした | didn't understand (polite) |
| FORMS | STEM | ROOT | |||
| plain | た | べ | る | eat | |
| plain past | た | べ | た | ate | |
| polite | た | べ | ます | eat (polite) | |
| polite past | た | べ | ました | ate (polite) | |
| plain negative | た | べ | な | い | don't eat |
| plain negative past | た | べ | な | かった | didn't eat |
| polite negative | た | べ | ません | don't eat (polite) | |
| polite negative past | た | べ | ません | でした | didn't eat (polite) |
irregular verbs
| FORMS | STEM+ | ROOT | ||
| plain | く | る | come | |
| plain past | き | た | came | |
| polite | き | ます | come (polite) | |
| polite past | き | ました | came (polite) | |
| plain negative | こ | な | い | don't come |
| plain negative past | こ | な | かった | didn't come |
| polite negative | き | ません | don't come (polite) | |
| polite negative past | き | ません | でした | didn't come (polite) |
| FORMS | STEM+ | ROOT | ||
| plain | す | る | do | |
| plain past | し | た | did | |
| polite | し | ます | do (polite) | |
| polite past | し | ました | did (polite) | |
| plain negative | し | な | い | don't do |
| plain negative past | し | な | かった | didn't do |
| polite negative | し | ません | don't do (polite) | |
| polite negative past | し | ません | でした | didn't do (polite) |
Required Conjugation Forms in Sentence
Patterns
(numbers in brackets indicate chapters in "Japanese For Everyone"
from Gakken)
| negative root |
〜ない (2) 〜なければならない (23) 〜られる/〜れる (18) 〜せる/〜させる (26) *potential form (traditional) |
| masu-form root |
〜verbals (actions take place simultaneously) 〜ます (3) 〜ましょう (3) 〜たい (5) 〜ながら (8) 〜なさい (25) お〜になる (21) お〜ください (21) 〜すぎる (12) 〜に行く (3)/〜に来くる |
| plain form (dictionary form) |
〜nouns (8) 〜もの (8) 〜こと (8) 〜ところ (8) 〜ひと (8) 〜とき (8) 〜の(=こと、もの) 〜ことができる (18) 〜ことがある (sometimes it happens that 〜) (26) 〜よてい 〜つもり (7) 〜はず (12) 〜でしょう (7) 〜だろう (7) 〜かもしれない (7) 〜と言(い)う/思(おも)う (8) 〜まで (7) 〜まえに (8) 〜と (always when 〜) (15) 〜なら (18) 〜し (12) 〜から (because 〜) (5) |
| conditional root | 〜ば (20) *potential form (colloquial) |
| intentional root | 〜とする (20) 〜とおもう (20) |
| てform |
〜verbals (actions take place in chronological sequence) 〜ください (1) 〜もらう (16) 〜あげる (16) 〜いる (4,9,10) 〜ある (11) 〜おく (36) 〜しまう (10) 〜みる (13) 〜行く/来る (13,18) 〜もいい (17) 〜はいけない (13) 〜から (after 〜) (7) |
| plain-past |
〜nouns 〜ことがある(have an experience that 〜) (7) 〜ほうがいい (4) 〜あとで (5) 〜ら (if〜, when〜) (12) 〜り (do A, or B, or C) (18) |