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Adjectives


Introduction

There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. い-adjectives (or "true adjective") and な-adjectives (or "noun adjective", or "quasi adjective") are distinguished by their conjugation types.

Japanese adjectives have conjugation systems. Just like Japanese verbs, they change form depending on their roles in the sentence; negative root to create negation, verbal conjunction root to modify verbals; nominal conjunction root to modify nouns, etc.

There are not only two types of adjectives, Japanese nouns can act like an adjective. A noun employs an appropriate particle or auxiliary to make a negative, to modify verbals, to modify nouns, and so on. The conjugation style of a noun is very similar to that of a な-adjective (or "noun adjective", or "quasi adjective").

Some English adjectives do not have an equivalent adjective in Japanese, and vice versa.
For example, while all English colours can act as both adjectives and nouns, most Japanese colours can only act as nouns.
Another example is that there is no adjective to express the English "lean" or "skinny" in Japanese. These English words are compensated in Japanese by forms of verbs as 「やせている (having lost weight)」 or「やせた (lost weight)」.
On the contrary, 「すく」, Japanese verb equivalent of the English verb "to like" is hardly used in modern language. Instead, the な-adjective 「すき(な)」 is used in modern Japanese. (English adjective equivalent of 「すき(な)」 is "favourite".)


Basic Conjugations



い-Adjective

Negative root おもしろ ( ありません / ない)
Verbal conjunction root おもしろ (なります or other verbs in any form)
Dictionaryform おもしろ (です)
Plain form おもしろ
Nominal conjunction root おもしろ (もの or other nouns)
Conditional root おもしろけれ (ば)
て form おもしろくて
Plain Past root おもしろかった


な-Adjective

Negative root げんきじゃ (ありません / ない)
Verbal conjunction root げんき (なります or other verbs in any form)
Dictionary form げんき (げんきです)
Plain form げんきだ
Nominal conjunction root げんき (もの or other nouns)
Conditional root げんきなら (ば)
て form げんき
Plain Past root げんきだった



Noun

Negative root いしゃじゃ (ありません / ない)
Verbal conjunction root いしゃ (なります or other verbs in any form)
Dictionary form いしゃ (げんきです)
Plain form いしゃだ
Nominal conjunction root いしゃ (もの or other nouns)
Conditional root いしゃなら (ば)
て form いしゃ
Plain Past root いしゃだった


Tense and Aspect of Adjectives

い-adjective

FORMSSTEM  ROOT ENGLISH
plainおもしろis interesting
plain pastおもしろかっwas interesng
politeおもしろですis interesting (pole)
polite pastおもしろかっですwas interesng (pole)
plain negativeおもしろ is not interesing
plain negative pastおもしろかっ was not interesing
polite negativeおもしろありませ is not interesing (pole)
polite negative pastおもしろありませでし was not interesing (pole)
(polite negative past option)おもしろかっです was not interesing (pole)



な-adjective

FORMSSTEM  ROOT ENGLISH
plainべんり is convenient
plain pastべんりだっ was convenient
politeべんりです is convenient (pole)
polite pastべんりでし was convenient (pole)
(polite past option)べんりだっです was convenient (pole)
plain negativeべんりじゃis not convenient
plain negative pastべんりじゃかっwas not convenient
polite negativeべんりじゃありませis not convenient (polite)
polite negative pastべんりじゃありませでしwas not convenient (polite)
(polite negative past option)べんりじゃかっですwas not convenient (polite)



noun (same as な-adjective)

FORMSSTEM  ROOT ENGLISH
plainいしゃis a doctor
plain pastいしゃだっwas a doctor
politeいしゃですis a doctor (polite)
polite pastいしゃでしwas a doctor (polite)
(polite past option)いしゃだっですwas a doctor (polite)
plain negativeいしゃじゃis not a doctor
plain negative pastいしゃじゃかっwas not a doctor
polite negativeいしゃじゃありませis not a doctor (polite)
polite negative pastいしゃじゃありませでしwas not a doctor (polite)
(polite negative past option)いしゃじゃかっですwas not a doctor (polite)


Conjugation Forms and Sentence Patterns


Negative root 〜ない 〜ありません 〜なければならない
Verbal conjunction root 〜verbs (〜なる 〜する etc.)   other adjectives
Dictionary form 〜です   〜でしょう   〜だろう
〜かもしれない   〜なら
〜か〜  
Plain form 〜と言(い)う   〜と思(おも)う
〜し   〜から
Nominal conjunction root nouns   〜もの   〜こと  
〜ところ   〜ひと
〜とき   〜はず
〜んです*   〜のに*   〜ので*

(* Nouns follow な-adjective conjugatin rule, 「な+んです」

Conditional root 〜ば
て form other adjectives   〜もいい   〜はいけない
Plain Past nouns   〜ら

Colours

Names of colours are basically nouns. However, only five colours are used as い-adjectives. Those colours are: あかい, あおい, しろい, くろい, きいろい and ちゃいろい. Other colours are used as nouns.

used as noun
as well as
い-adjective
あかい/あか (-の) red
あおい/あお (-の) blue
しろい/しろ (-の) white
くろい/くろ (-の) black
きいろい/きいろ (-の) yellow
ちゃいろい/ちゃいろ (-の) brown

used only as noun
みどり (-の) green
むらさき (-の) purple
はいいろ (-の) grey
ピンク (-の) pink
オレンジ (-の) orange


Note

Not all English adjectives have Japanese adjective equivalents because of differences in basic linguistic ideas between the two languages. Some adjectives have to be translated as nouns or verbs in Japanese. Those words must follow their conjugation rules. (see conjugation tables of い-adjective, な-adjective, noun, and verbs.)

Following are some examples of English adjectives that have a Japanese equivalent noun or verb.


Declarative

い-adj stem + です わたしは わかいです。 I am young.
な-adj stem + です わたしは げんきです。 I am fine.
noun + です わたしは びょうきです。 I am sick.
verb ます わたしは しんらいできます。 I am reliable.
verb* てform + います わたしは やせています。 I am thin.
*verbs contain the sense of "to become"



to GET or to BECOME

い-adj stem + く + なる いそがしく なります。 become busier
な-adj stem + に + なる げんきに なります。 get well
noun + に + なる びょうきに なります。 get sick
verb plain + ように + なる しんらいできるようになります。 become reliable
verb* oneself
(

*verbs contain the sense of "to become"

)
やせます。 lose one's weight (become thin)



Quotes

い-adj stem + と わかい と おもいます。 I think that (I am) young.
な-adj stem + だ + と げんきだ と おもいます。 I think that (I am) fine.
noun + だ + と びょうきだ と おもいます。 I think that (I am) sick.
verb plain + と やせている と おもいます。 I think that (I am) thin.


When with nouns:

い-adj stem + noun わかい ひと young person
な-adj stem + な + noun げんきな ひと energetic person
noun + の + noun びょうきの ひと sick person
verb plain + noun やせている ひと/やせた ひと thin person



Any comments on this page to Kaz Hagiwara (K.Hagiwara@griffith.edu.au)