There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. い-adjectives (or "true adjective") and な-adjectives (or "noun adjective", or "quasi adjective") are distinguished by their conjugation types.
Japanese adjectives have conjugation systems. Just like Japanese verbs, they change form depending on their roles in the sentence; negative root to create negation, verbal conjunction root to modify verbals; nominal conjunction root to modify nouns, etc.
There are not only two types of adjectives, Japanese nouns can act like an adjective. A noun employs an appropriate particle or auxiliary to make a negative, to modify verbals, to modify nouns, and so on. The conjugation style of a noun is very similar to that of a な-adjective (or "noun adjective", or "quasi adjective").
Some English adjectives do not have an equivalent
adjective in Japanese, and vice versa.
For example, while all English colours can act as both adjectives
and nouns, most Japanese colours can only act
as nouns.
Another example is that there is no adjective to express the English
"lean" or "skinny" in Japanese. These English
words are compensated in Japanese by forms of verbs as 「やせている
(having lost weight)」 or「やせた (lost weight)」.
On the contrary, 「すく」, Japanese verb equivalent of the English verb
"to like" is hardly used in modern language. Instead, the な-adjective 「すき(な)」 is used in modern Japanese. (English
adjective equivalent of 「すき(な)」 is "favourite".)
Basic Conjugations
い-Adjective
Negative root おもしろく ( ありません / ない) Verbal conjunction root おもしろく (なります or other verbs in any form) Dictionaryform おもしろい (です) Plain form おもしろい Nominal conjunction root おもしろい (もの or other nouns) Conditional root おもしろけれ (ば) て form おもしろくて Plain Past root おもしろかった
Negative root げんきじゃ (ありません / ない) Verbal conjunction root げんきに (なります or other verbs in any form) Dictionary form げんき (げんきです) Plain form げんきだ Nominal conjunction root げんきな (もの or other nouns) Conditional root げんきなら (ば) て form げんきで Plain Past root げんきだった
Negative root いしゃじゃ (ありません / ない) Verbal conjunction root いしゃに (なります or other verbs in any form) Dictionary form いしゃ (げんきです) Plain form いしゃだ Nominal conjunction root いしゃの (もの or other nouns) Conditional root いしゃなら (ば) て form いしゃで Plain Past root いしゃだった
Tense and Aspect of Adjectives
い-adjective
| FORMS | STEM | ROOT | ENGLISH | |||
| plain | おもしろ | い | is interesting | |||
| plain past | おもしろ | かった | was interesng | |||
| polite | おもしろ | い | です | is interesting (pole) | ||
| polite past | おもしろ | かった | です | was interesng (pole) | ||
| plain negative | おもしろ | く | な | い | is not interesing | |
| plain negative past | おもしろ | く | な | かった | was not interesing | |
| polite negative | おもしろ | く | あり | ません | is not interesing (pole) | |
| polite negative past | おもしろ | く | あり | ません | でした | was not interesing (pole) |
| (polite negative past option) | おもしろ | く | な | かった | です | was not interesing (pole) |
な-adjective
| FORMS | STEM | ROOT | ENGLISH | |||
| plain | べんり | だ | is convenient | |||
| plain past | べんり | だった | was convenient | |||
| polite | べんり | です | is convenient (pole) | |||
| polite past | べんり | でした | was convenient (pole) | |||
| (polite past option) | べんり | だった | です | was convenient (pole) | ||
| plain negative | べんり | じゃ | な | い | is not convenient | |
| plain negative past | べんり | じゃ | な | かった | was not convenient | |
| polite negative | べんり | じゃ | あり | ません | is not convenient (polite) | |
| polite negative past | べんり | じゃ | あり | ません | でした | was not convenient (polite) |
| (polite negative past option) | べんり | じゃ | な | かった | です | was not convenient (polite) |
noun (same as な-adjective)
| FORMS | STEM | ROOT | ENGLISH | |||
| plain | いしゃ | だ | is a doctor | |||
| plain past | いしゃ | だった | was a doctor | |||
| polite | いしゃ | です | is a doctor (polite) | |||
| polite past | いしゃ | でした | was a doctor (polite) | |||
| (polite past option) | いしゃ | だった | です | was a doctor (polite) | ||
| plain negative | いしゃ | じゃ | な | い | is not a doctor | |
| plain negative past | いしゃ | じゃ | な | かった | was not a doctor | |
| polite negative | いしゃ | じゃ | あり | ません | is not a doctor (polite) | |
| polite negative past | いしゃ | じゃ | あり | ません | でした | was not a doctor (polite) |
| (polite negative past option) | いしゃ | じゃ | な | かった | です | was not a doctor (polite) |
| Negative root | 〜ない 〜ありません 〜なければならない |
| Verbal conjunction root | 〜verbs (〜なる 〜する etc.) other adjectives |
| Dictionary form |
〜です 〜でしょう 〜だろう 〜かもしれない 〜なら 〜か〜 |
| Plain form |
〜と言(い)う 〜と思(おも)う 〜し 〜から |
| Nominal conjunction root |
nouns 〜もの 〜こと 〜ところ 〜ひと 〜とき 〜はず 〜んです* 〜のに* 〜ので* (* Nouns follow な-adjective conjugatin rule, 「な+んです」 |
| Conditional root | 〜ば |
| て form | other adjectives 〜もいい 〜はいけない |
| Plain Past | nouns 〜ら |
Names of colours are basically nouns. However,
only five colours are used as い-adjectives.
Those colours are: あかい, あおい, しろい, くろい, きいろい and ちゃいろい. Other colours
are used as nouns.
used as noun
as well as
い-adjectiveあかい/あか (-の) red あおい/あお (-の) blue しろい/しろ (-の) white くろい/くろ (-の) black きいろい/きいろ (-の) yellow ちゃいろい/ちゃいろ (-の) brown used only as noun みどり (-の) green むらさき (-の) purple はいいろ (-の) grey ピンク (-の) pink オレンジ (-の) orange
Note
Not all English adjectives have Japanese adjective
equivalents because of differences in basic linguistic ideas between
the two languages. Some adjectives have to be translated as nouns
or verbs in Japanese. Those words must follow their conjugation
rules. (see conjugation tables of い-adjective,
な-adjective, noun, and
verbs.)
Following are some examples of English adjectives that have a Japanese equivalent noun or verb.
Declarative
*verbs contain the sense of "to become"
い-adj stem + です わたしは わかいです。 I am young. な-adj stem + です わたしは げんきです。 I am fine. noun + です わたしは びょうきです。 I am sick. verb ます わたしは しんらいできます。 I am reliable. verb* てform + います わたしは やせています。 I am thin.
to GET or to BECOME
い-adj stem + く + なる いそがしく なります。 become busier な-adj stem + に + なる げんきに なります。 get well noun + に + なる びょうきに なります。 get sick verb plain + ように + なる しんらいできるようになります。 become reliable verb* oneself
(*verbs contain the sense of "to become"
)やせます。 lose one's weight (become thin)
Quotes
い-adj stem + と わかい と おもいます。 I think that (I am) young. な-adj stem + だ + と げんきだ と おもいます。 I think that (I am) fine. noun + だ + と びょうきだ と おもいます。 I think that (I am) sick. verb plain + と やせている と おもいます。 I think that (I am) thin.
When with nouns:
い-adj stem + noun わかい ひと young person な-adj stem + な + noun げんきな ひと energetic person noun + の + noun びょうきの ひと sick person verb plain + noun やせている ひと/やせた ひと thin person